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      The Healing-Promoting Properties of Selected Cyclitols—A Review

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Myo-inositol and its derivatives cyclitols play an important role in the processes of cell regulation, signal transduction, osmoregulation, and ion channel physiology, and are a component of the cell membrane. Free cyclitols present in food or released during the degradation of galactosyl cyclitols by bacteria (in digestive tract) show some physiological benefits. Aim: The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the documented data about curative and healing properties of cyclitols. Results and discussion: Cyclitols are well known compounds in the treatment of an accompanied diabetes insulin resistance, and also obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome. d- chiro-Inositol deficiency exacerbates insulin resistance in the liver, muscles, and fat, while depletion of myo-inositol results in the development of diabetic complications. Cyclitols are successfully applied in treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome, simultaneous are observed effective reducing of BMI, improving the hormonal profile, and increasing fertility. Moreover, cyclitols have anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Conclusion: The properties of cyclitols may be a good therapeutic option in the reduction of metabolically induced inflammation. Due to well drugs tolerance and low toxicity of these compounds, cyclitols are recommend for pregnant women and also for children. Another advantage is their widespread presence and easy availability, which encourages their use in medicine.

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          Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.

          Thomas Chandy, Tommaso Gori, Eberhard Schulz (2011)
          Systemic arterial hypertension is a highly prevalent cardiovascular risk factor that causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is becoming an increasingly common health problem because of the increasing longevity and prevalence of predisposing factors such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity and nutritional habits. Further complicating the impact of this disease, mild and moderate hypertension are usually asymptomatic, and their presence (and the subsequent increase in cardiovascular risk) is often unrecognized. The pathophysiology of hypertension involves a complex interaction of multiple vascular effectors including the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and of the inflammatory mediators. Subsequent vasoconstriction and inflammation ensue, leading to vessel wall remodeling and, finally, to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions as the hallmark of advanced disease. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are consistently observed in hypertensive subjects, but emerging evidence suggests that they also have a causal role in the molecular processes leading to hypertension. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may directly alter vascular function or cause changes in vascular tone by several mechanisms including altered nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability or signaling. ROS-producing enzymes involved in the increased vascular oxidative stress observed during hypertension include the NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial respiratory chain and an uncoupled endothelial NO synthase. In the current review, we will summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the development of hypertension with an emphasis on oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.
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            myo-Inositol metabolism in plants

            Frank A. Loewus, Pushpalatha P.N. Murthy (2000)
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              Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis.

              Joseph Witztum, Daniel Steinberg (2010)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 December 2018
                Publication date Collection: December 2018
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1891
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland; w.placek@ 123456wp.pl
                [2 ]Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland; lahuta@ 123456uwm.edu.pl (L.B.L.); rigorecki@ 123456gmail.com (R.J.G.)
                [3 ]Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; magdalena.ligor@ 123456umk.pl (M.L.); bbusz@ 123456umk.pl (B.B.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: aganek@ 123456wp.pl ; Tel.: +48-601-057-800
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-0438
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-10-01891
                DOI: 10.3390/nu10121891
                PMC ID: 6316775
                PubMed ID: 30513929
                SO-VID: bf151a1d-b70c-40a1-9f4e-5c0bb5cc48ac
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 October 2018
                Date accepted : 29 November 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: cyclitols,d-chiro-inositol,myo-inositol,d-pinitol,insulin resistance,diabetes,polycystic ovarian syndrome
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: cyclitols, d-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol, d-pinitol, insulin resistance, diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome

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