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      Avances en el conocimiento de la relación entre la movilidad activa a la escuela y el entorno urbano Translated title: Advances in the Knowledge of the Relationship between Active Mobility to School and the Urban Environment

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Se ha demostrado que la movilidad activa para los niños en edad escolar es fundamental para la salud, las relaciones sociales y el desempeño académico. Por ello, resulta preocupante que, en las últimas décadas, la movilidad activa hacia las escuelas haya disminuido. A pesar de que existe un creciente interés en promover la movilidad escolar a pie y en bicicleta, la evidencia científica es dispersa y poco estructurada, lo que dificulta la toma de decisiones adecuadas. En este artículo buscamos aportar a la sistematización del conocimiento acerca de movilidad escolar activa a través de una revisión de la literatura científica de los años 2009-2019 incluida en la base de datos bibliográfica Scopus. Se evidencia que las decisiones al respecto son tomadas principalmente por los padres, quienes ven como una barrera fundamental para la movilidad activa la inseguridad, tanto vial como personal; sin embargo, también inciden factores relacionados con el entorno construido, las condiciones sociodemográficas de los barrios, la distancia, el clima y la conveniencia de los padres. La revisión de la literatura evidencia también la concentración de este tipo de estudios en países desarrollados, y la incipiente investigación sobre la temática en países en vías de desarrollo.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Active mobility for school-age children has been demonstrated to be critical to health, social relationships, and academic performance. That is why it is worrying that active mobility to schools has decreased in recent decades. Despite the growing interest in promoting school mobility on foot and by bicycle, the scientific evidence is scattered and poorly structured, making it difficult to make good decisions. This article aims to contribute to the systematization of knowledge about active school mobility through a review of scientific literature of the years 2009-2019, included in the bibliographic database Scopus. Parents make decisions about mobility mainly by parents, who see insecurity and road safety as barriers to active mobility. Factors related to the built environment, the socio-demographic conditions of the neighborhoods, the distance, the climate, and the convenience of the parents also have an influence. The literature review has also evidenced the concentration of studies in developed countries and the developing research on the subject in developing countries.

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          Most cited references41

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          Children’s Active Commuting to School: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

          Introduction Driven largely by international declines in rates of walking and bicycling to school and the noted health benefits of physical activity for children, research on children's active commuting to school has expanded rapidly during the past 5 years. We summarize research on predictors and health consequences of active commuting to school and outline and evaluate programs specific to children's walking and bicycling to school. Methods Literature on children's active commuting to school published before June 2007 was compiled by searching PubMed, PsycINFO, and the National Transportation Library databases; conducting Internet searches on program-based activities; and reviewing relevant transportation journals published during the last 4 years. Results Children who walk or bicycle to school have higher daily levels of physical activity and better cardiovascular fitness than do children who do not actively commute to school. A wide range of predictors of children's active commuting behaviors was identified, including demographic factors, individual and family factors, school factors (including the immediate area surrounding schools), and social and physical environmental factors. Safe Routes to School and the Walking School Bus are 2 public health efforts that promote walking and bicycling to school. Although evaluations of these programs are limited, evidence exists that these activities are viewed positively by key stakeholders and have positive effects on children's active commuting to school. Conclusion Future efforts to promote walking and bicycling to school will be facilitated by building on current research, combining the strengths of scientific rigor with the predesign and postdesign provided by intervention activities, and disseminating results broadly and rapidly.
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            Inter-rater agreement and reliability of the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments) Checklist

            Background The COSMIN checklist is a tool for evaluating the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health-related patient-reported outcomes. The aim of this study is to determine the inter-rater agreement and reliability of each item score of the COSMIN checklist (n = 114). Methods 75 articles evaluating measurement properties were randomly selected from the bibliographic database compiled by the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Group, Oxford, UK. Raters were asked to assess the methodological quality of three articles, using the COSMIN checklist. In a one-way design, percentage agreement and intraclass kappa coefficients or quadratic-weighted kappa coefficients were calculated for each item. Results 88 raters participated. Of the 75 selected articles, 26 articles were rated by four to six participants, and 49 by two or three participants. Overall, percentage agreement was appropriate (68% was above 80% agreement), and the kappa coefficients for the COSMIN items were low (61% was below 0.40, 6% was above 0.75). Reasons for low inter-rater agreement were need for subjective judgement, and accustom to different standards, terminology and definitions. Conclusions Results indicated that raters often choose the same response option, but that it is difficult on item level to distinguish between articles. When using the COSMIN checklist in a systematic review, we recommend getting some training and experience, completing it by two independent raters, and reaching consensus on one final rating. Instructions for using the checklist are improved.
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              The decline in active school transportation (AST): A systematic review of the factors related to AST and changes in school transport over time in North America.

              Active travel to school has declined during the last 50years in North America. During the last decade, the children's active school transportation (AST) literature has grown. This systematic review provides an updated examination of AST correlates, and discusses why school travel mode (STM) share may have changed over time. AST trends are described and a systematic literature review of AST correlates in North America for the period 1990-2016 was conducted. Strength of association between correlates and AST, and relationship direction are assessed and reported. Graphical presentation of correlates included in ≥5 studies were included. Sixty-three studies were identified and reviewed. Distance to school was most strongly associated with AST. Individual, parental and societal correlates had moderate positive associations with AST including: child age, lower parental education, income and other income related factors, race and positive perceptions of AST. Longitudinal studies were few in number, as were studies about exceptional populations, policy, and interventions. AST intervention should focus on key AST correlates. Social and environmental diversity calls for local solutions to school travel challenges. Changes in AST correlates over time should be considered for evaluating existing policy approaches, and to support development of new policy, regulation, design, and program interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ru
                Revista de urbanismo
                Rev. urban.
                Universidad de Chile.Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Departamento de Urbanismo. (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-5051
                December 2021
                : 45
                : 182-198
                Affiliations
                [3] Azuay orgnameUniversidad de Cuenca Ecuador
                [1] Azuay orgnameUniversidad del Azuay Ecuador chermida@ 123456uazuay.edu.ec
                [2] Quito orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Ecuador
                Article
                S0717-50512021000200182 S0717-5051(21)00004500182
                10.5354/0717-5051.2021.58168
                bee5887d-820c-41fc-b4af-faa9e5e47835

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 August 2020
                : 30 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                active mobility,non-motorized mobility,school mobility,sustainable transportation,movilidad activa,movilidad escolar,movilidad no motorizada,transporte sustentable

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