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      DNA-Based Nanobiosensors as an Emerging Platform for Detection of Disease

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          Abstract

          Detection of disease at an early stage is one of the biggest challenges in medicine. Different disciplines of science are working together in this regard. The goal of nanodiagnostics is to provide more accurate tools for earlier diagnosis, to reduce cost and to simplify healthcare delivery of effective and personalized medicine, especially with regard to chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) that have high healthcare costs. Up-to-date results suggest that DNA-based nanobiosensors could be used effectively to provide simple, fast, cost-effective, sensitive and specific detection of some genetic, cancer, and infectious diseases. In addition, they could potentially be used as a platform to detect immunodeficiency, and neurological and other diseases. This review examines different types of DNA-based nanobiosensors, the basic principles upon which they are based and their advantages and potential in diagnosis of acute and chronic diseases. We discuss recent trends and applications of new strategies for DNA-based nanobiosensors, and emphasize the challenges in translating basic research to the clinical laboratory.

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          In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles.

          Benoît Dubertret, Paris Skourides, David Norris … (2002)
          Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) have the potential to revolutionize biological imaging, but their use has been limited by difficulties in obtaining nanocrystals that are biocompatible. To address this problem, we encapsulated individual nanocrystals in phospholipid block-copolymer micelles and demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo imaging. When conjugated to DNA, the nanocrystal-micelles acted as in vitro fluorescent probes to hybridize to specific complementary sequences. Moreover, when injected into Xenopus embryos, the nanocrystal-micelles were stable, nontoxic (<5 x 10(9) nanocrystals per cell), cell autonomous, and slow to photobleach. Nanocrystal fluorescence could be followed to the tadpole stage, allowing lineage-tracing experiments in embryogenesis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 386 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins.

            Jwa-Min Nam, C. Shad Thaxton, Chad A. Mirkin (2003)
            An ultrasensitive method for detecting protein analytes has been developed. The system relies on magnetic microparticle probes with antibodies that specifically bind a target of interest [prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in this case] and nanoparticle probes that are encoded with DNA that is unique to the protein target of interest and antibodies that can sandwich the target captured by the microparticle probes. Magnetic separation of the complexed probes and target followed by dehybridization of the oligonucleotides on the nanoparticle probe surface allows the determination of the presence of the target protein by identifying the oligonucleotide sequence released from the nanoparticle probe. Because the nanoparticle probe carries with it a large number of oligonucleotides per protein binding event, there is substantial amplification and PSA can be detected at 30 attomolar concentration. Alternatively, a polymerase chain reaction on the oligonucleotide bar codes can boost the sensitivity to 3 attomolar. Comparable clinically accepted conventional assays for detecting the same target have sensitivity limits of approximately 3 picomdar, six orders of magnitude less sensitive than what is observed with this method.
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              Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles.

              R Elghanian, J Storhoff, R Mucic … (1997)
              A highly selective, colorimetric polynucleotide detection method based on mercaptoalkyloligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes is reported. Introduction of a single-stranded target oligonucleotide (30 bases) into a solution containing the appropriate probes resulted in the formation of a polymeric network of nanoparticles with a concomitant red-to-pinkish/purple color change. Hybridization was facilitated by freezing and thawing of the solutions, and the denaturation of these hybrid materials showed transition temperatures over a narrow range that allowed differentiation of a variety of imperfect targets. Transfer of the hybridization mixture to a reverse-phase silica plate resulted in a blue color upon drying that could be detected visually. The unoptimized system can detect about 10 femtomoles of an oligonucleotide.
              Article 0 comments Cited 281 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alexander Star: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 June 2015
                Publication date Collection: June 2015
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 14539-14568
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Chair for Medical Applications of Nanomaterials, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail: salrokayan@ 123456ksu.edu.sa
                [2 ]King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail: aneesaansari@ 123456gmail.com
                [3 ]King Abdulla International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, PO Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail: alaameryma@ 123456ngha.med.sa
                [4 ]Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail: mzourob@ 123456alfaisal.edu
                [5 ]Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, PO Box 2969, Kuwait; E-Mail: fmouffouk@ 123456ku.edu.kw
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: k_abusalah@ 123456hotmail.com ; Tel.: +966-11-8011111 (ext. 41312); Fax: +966-11-8043050.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-15-14539
                DOI: 10.3390/s150614539
                PMC ID: 4507582
                PubMed ID: 26102488
                SO-VID: be8a3e37-3bb8-4d7e-8e29-983f3fc863e4
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 April 2015
                Date accepted : 22 May 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: dna nanobiosensors,nanoparticles,cancer,genetic and infectious diseases,electrochemical and optical sensing
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: dna nanobiosensors, nanoparticles, cancer, genetic and infectious diseases, electrochemical and optical sensing

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