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      Utilization, Patient Characteristics, and Longitudinal Improvements among Patients from a Provincially Funded Transdiagnostic Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Program: Observational Study of Trends over 6 Years Translated title: Utilisation, caractéristiques des patients et améliorations longitudinales chez les patients d’un programme de thérapie cognitivo-comportementale financé par la province, transdiagnostique et dispensé par internet: Une étude observationnelle des tendances sur six ans

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          There is strong evidence supporting internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) and consequently growing demand for iCBT in Canada. Transdiagnostic iCBT that addresses both depression and anxiety is particularly promising as it represents an efficient method of delivering iCBT in routine care. The Online Therapy Unit, funded by the Saskatchewan government, has been offering transdiagnostic iCBT for depression and anxiety since 2013. In this article, to broadly inform implementation efforts, we examined trends in utilization, patient characteristics, and longitudinal improvements for patients receiving transdiagnostic iCBT over 6 years.

          Methods:

          Patients who completed telephone screening between November 2013 and December 2019 were included in this observational study. Patients provided demographics and mental health history at screening and completed measures at pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3- to 4-month follow-up. Treatment engagement and satisfaction were assessed.

          Results:

          A total of 5,321 telephone screenings were completed and 4,283 of patients were accepted for treatment over the 6-year period (80.5% acceptance). The most common reason for referral to another service was high suicide risk/severe symptoms (47.1%). Examination of trends showed growing use of transdiagnostic iCBT over time (37% increase per year). There was remarkable stability in patient characteristics across years. Most patients were concurrently using medication (57.3%) with 11.9% reporting using iCBT while on a waiting list for face-to-face treatment highlighting the importance of integrating iCBT with other services. Consistent across years, large improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms were found and maintained at 3- to 4-month follow-up. There was strong patient engagement with iCBT and positive ratings of treatment experiences.

          Conclusions:

          As there is growing interest in iCBT in Canada, this large observational study provides valuable information for those implementing iCBT in terms of likely user characteristics, patterns of use, and improvements. This information has potential to assist with resource allocation and planning in Canada and elsewhere.

          Translated abstract

          Objectif:

          De fortes données probantes soutiennent la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale dispensée par internet (TCCi) et par conséquent, la demande de la TCCi est en croissance au Canada. La TCCi transdiagnostique qui aborde la dépression et l’anxiété est particulièrement prometteuse car elle représente une méthode efficace pour dispenser la TCCi dans les soins réguliers. L’Unité de thérapie en ligne, financée par le gouvernement de la Saskatchewan, offre la TCCi transdiagnostique pour la dépression et l’anxiété depuis 2013. Dans le présent article, afin d’informer largement les initiatives de mise en œuvre, nous avons examiné les tendances de l’utilisation, les caractéristiques des patients et les améliorations longitudinales des patients recevant la TCCi transdiagnostique depuis plus de 6 ans.

          Méthodes:

          Les patients qui ont répondu au dépistage téléphonique entre novembre 2013 et décembre 2019 ont été inclus dans cette étude observationnelle. Les patients ont fourni leurs données démographiques et leurs antécédents de santé mentale lors du dépistage, et ont répondu à des mesures au prétraitement, au post-traitement et au suivi de 3-4 mois. L’engagement au traitement et la satisfaction ont été évalués.

          Résultats:

          En tout, 5 321 dépistages téléphoniques ont été faits et 4 283 des patients ont été acceptés à un traitement durant la période de 6 ans (80,5% d’acceptation). La raison la plus fréquente d’être adressé à un autre service était un risque de suicide élevé/des symptômes graves (47,1%). L’examen des tendances a révélé un usage croissant de la TCCi transdiagnostique avec le temps (37% d’augmentation par année). Il y avait une stabilité remarquable des caractéristiques des patients au fil des ans. La plupart des patients utilisaient simultanément des médicaments (57,3%) et 11,9% disaient utiliser la TCCi alors qu’ils étaient inscrits à une liste d’attente pour un traitement en personne indiquant l’importance d’intégrer la TCCi à d’autres services. De façon constante avec les années, de grandes améliorations des symptômes de la dépression et de l’anxiété ont été constatées et maintenues au suivi de 3-4 mois. L’engagement des patients à la TCCi était solide et les expériences de traitement récoltaient des cotes positives.

          Conclusions:

          Comme il y a un intérêt croissant pour la TCCi au Canada, cette vaste étude observationnelle procure une information valable à ceux qui mettent en œuvre la TCCi et qui sont concernés par les caractéristiques probables des utilisateurs, les modèles d’utilisation et les améliorations. Cette information a le potentiel d’aider à l’allocation des ressources et à la planification au Canada et ailleurs.

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          Most cited references51

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

            While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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              Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

              Summary Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8–75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0–8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0–62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0–7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3–50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8–5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0–49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5–5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5–46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2–5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3–3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0–11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862–11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018–19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Psychiatry
                Can J Psychiatry
                CPA
                spcpa
                Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                0706-7437
                1497-0015
                12 April 2021
                March 2022
                12 April 2021
                : 67
                : 3
                : 192-206
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Online Therapy Unit, Department of Psychology, Ringgold 6846, universityUniversity of Regina; , Saskatchewan, Canada
                [2 ]Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Ringgold 6846, universityUniversity of Regina; , Saskatchewan, Canada
                [3 ]eCentre Clinic, Department of Psychology, Ringgold 7788, universityMacquarie University; , Sydney, Australia
                Author notes
                [*]Heather Hadjistavropoulos, PhD, Online Therapy Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2. Email: hadjista@ 123456uregina.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-9056
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-729X
                Article
                10.1177_07067437211006873
                10.1177/07067437211006873
                8935601
                33840264
                be70eafa-24c5-493b-99ec-daf23350bf5a
                © The Author(s) 2021

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000024;
                Award ID: 152917
                Categories
                Regular Articles
                Custom metadata
                ts19

                depression,anxiety,internet-delivered,cognitive behaviour therapy,transdiagnostic

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