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      Mandibular Incisive Canal Morphometry: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study in Jordan Translated title: Morfometría del Canal Incisivo Mandibular: Un Estudio de Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico en Jordania

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY: Mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and related mental foramen (MF) and anterior loop (AL) morphometrics are important landmarks in medical and dental clinical applications. The main aim of this retrospective study to determine the morphometry of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) in a Jordanian population and to propose a new shape-pattern classification of the MIC. In addition, MF and AL morphometrics were determined. Carestream 3D imaging software was used on 100 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of a Jordanian population to determine the MF, AL and MIC morphometrics. The detection prevalence of the MIC was 96 %. The right and left MIC showed four distinct line patterns, proposed for the first time in this paper. The line-patterns were angular (L-line), straight (I-line), curved (V-line) and wavy (W-line), with a prevalence of 41 %, 19 %, 25.5 %, and 10.5 %, respectively. MF was detected in all mandibles with a round shape in 58 % of the images. The most common horizontal and vertical positions of the MF were H4 and H3 (73.5 %) and V3 and V2 (95 %), respectively. An accessory MF was detected in 14.5 % of the samples and was more prevalent in males and on the right side. AL was detected in 92.5 % of the samples and exhibited a pattern prevalence of 25.5 %, 40 % and 27 % for types I, II and III, respectively. Results revealed that asymmetry and gender differences between right and left MIC, MF, AL and AMF was seen in patient's mandibles. In conclusion, this is the first study to propose and show that Mandibular incisive canal exhibits four potential line patterns (L, I, V and W lines patterns). Gender and ethnic variations of the mandibular canal landmarks morphometrics of both right and left hemi-mandible are important to be acknowledged in learning anatomy and when planning or performing dental and medical procedures.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: Las relaciones de la morfometría del canal incisivo mandibular (MCI), del foramen mentoniano (FM) y del asa anterior (AA) son hitos importantes en las aplicaciones clínicas médicas y dentales. El objetivo principal de este estudio retrospectivo fue determinar la morfometría del MCI en una población jordana y proponer una nueva clasificación de patrón de forma del MCI. Además, se determinaron la morfometría de FM y AA. Se utilizó el software de imágenes 3D Carestream en 100 tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico (CBCT) de una población jordana para determinar la morfometría de FM, MCI y AA. La prevalencia de detección de MCI fue del 96 %. El MCI derecho e izquierdo mostraron cuatro patrones de líneas distintas, propuestas por primera vez en este artículo. Los patrones de líneas fueron angulares (línea L), rectos (línea I), curvos (línea V) y ondulados (línea W), con una prevalencia del 41 %, 19 %, 25,5 % y 10,5 % respectivamente. Se detectó el FM en todas las mandíbulas y con forma redonda en el 58 % de las imágenes. Las posiciones horizontal y vertical más comunes del FM fueron H4 y H3 (73,5 %) y V3 y V2 (95 %), respectivamente. Se detectó FM accesorio en el 14,5 % de las muestras y fue más prevalente en el sexo masculino y en el lado derecho. AA se detectó en el 92,5 % de las muestras y exhibió un patrón de prevalencia del 25,5 %, 40 % y 27 % para los tipos I, II y III, respectivamente. Los resultados revelaron asimetría y diferencias en el sexo entre MCI, FM, AA derecha e izquierda en las mandíbulas de los pacientes. En conclusión, este es el primer estudio que propone y muestra que el canal incisivo mandibular exhibe cuatro patrones de líneas potenciales (patrones de líneas L, I, V y W). Es importante reconocer las variaciones étnicas y de sexo de la morfometría de los puntos de referencia del canal mandibular de la hemimandíbula derecha e izquierda al estudiar y aprender anatomía y al planificar o realizar procedimientos médicos y dentales.

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          Most cited references31

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          Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls.

          Sequelae related to implant placement/advanced bone grafting procedures are a result of injury to surrounding anatomic structures. Damage may not necessarily lead to implant failure; however, it is the most common cause of legal action against the practitioner. This study aimed to describe morphological aspects and variations of the anatomy directly related to implant treatment. Morphometric analyses were performed in 22 Caucasian skulls. Measurements of the mental foramen (MF) included height (MF-H), width (MF-W), and location in relation to other known anatomical landmarks. Presence or absence of anterior loops (AL) of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) was determined, and the mesial extent of the loop was measured. Additional measurements included height (G-H), width (G-W), thickness (G-T), and volume (G-V) of monocortical onlay grafts harvested from the mandibular symphysis area, and thickness of the lateral wall (T-LW) of the maxillary sinus. The independent samples t test, and a two-tailed t test with equal variance were utilized to determine statistical significance to a level of P < 0.05. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine if each one of these measurements was affected by age and gender. The most common location of the MF in relation to teeth was found to be below the apices of mandibular premolars. The mean MF-H was 3.47 +/- 0.71 mm and the mean MF-W was 3.59 +/- 0.8 mm. The mean distance from the MF to other anatomical landmarks were: MF-CEJ = 15.52 +/- 2.37 mm, MF to the most apical portion of the lower cortex of the mandible = 12.0 +/- 1.67 mm, MF to the midline = 27.61+/- 2.29 mm, and MF-MF = 55.23 +/- 5.34 mm. A high prevalence of AL was found (88%); symmetric occurrence was a common finding (76.2%), with a mean length of 4.13 +/- 2.04 mm. The mean size of symphyseal grafts was: G-H = 9.45 +/- 1.08 mm, G-W = 14.5 +/- 3.0 mm, and G-T = 6.15 +/- 1.04 mm, with an average G-V of 857.55 +/- 283.97 mm3 (range: 352 to 1,200 mm3). The mean T-LW of the maxillary sinus was 0.91 +/- 0.43 mm. Implant-related anatomy must be carefully evaluated before treatment due to considerable variations among individuals, in order to prevent injury to surrounding anatomical structures and possible damage.
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            Position of the mental foramen in a northern regional Jordanian population.

            The mental foramen is frequently encountered in a number of maxillofacial surgical procedures. Its position has been shown to vary according to race. The aim was to study the position, shape, and appearance of the mental foramen, as seen on panoramic radiographs of Jordanians, and to compare our findings with international values.
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              Determination of the position of mental foramen and frequency of anterior loop in Saudi population. A retrospective CBCT study

              Objectives To determine the position of mental foramen (MF) and frequency of anterior loop (AL) using dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods The study involved the evaluation of 302 CBCT scans (196 males, 106 females). The position of MF was determined with respect to adjacent teeth, nearest root apex of adjacent teeth and mandibular borders. MF position was also assessed based on gender and age. In addition, prevalence of anterior loop was evaluated by categorizing the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) patterns into linear, perpendicular and anterior looping. Results The study revealed that the most common position of MF was below the apex of 2nd premolar accounting for a total of 52.8% of scans whereas, only 29.6% observed MF between 1st and 2nd premolar (p > 0.05). 38.7% of MF were located at a distance of 1–3 mm from the nearest root apex (2nd premolar), followed by a distance of less than 1 mm in 17.05 of cases. 63.2% of foramen on left side of the mandible were observed below the apex of 2nd premolar in females (p = 0.023). Statistically significant findings were observed with regards to position of MF in different age groups (p < 0.05). The most common IAC pattern observed was linear in nature which accounted for 46.2% of cases followed by perpendicular pattern (38.6%). AL was found only in 15.2% of cases. Conclusions Our sample population most commonly exhibited MF below the apex of 2nd premolar with linear IAC pattern. AL was regarded as the least common pattern in Saudi population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                April 2024
                : 42
                : 2
                : 317-323
                Affiliations
                [3] Karak orgnameMutah University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Anatomy and Histology Jordan
                [1] Zarqa orgnameHashemite University orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Basic Dental Sciences Jordan
                [4] Zarqa orgnameZarqa University orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry Jordan
                [2] Zarqa orgnameHashemite University orgdiv1Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Jordan
                Article
                S0717-95022024000200317 S0717-9502(24)04200200317
                bd7785e9-5a23-40e8-a3f3-13b9d78d4bbc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 November 2023
                : 25 December 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTICLES

                Mandibular Canal,Mandíbula,Foramen mental,Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico,Canal Incisivo Mandibular,Canal Mandibular,Mandible,Mental Foramen,Cone-Beam Computed Tomography,Mandibular Incisive Canal

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