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      Three-Dimensional Digitalized and Printed Tongue Models of the Cow, Dog, Pig, and Horse for Undergraduate Veterinary Educationh Translated title: Modelos Tridimensionales Digitalizados e Impresos de Lengua de Vaca, Perro, Cerdo y Caballo para la Educación Veterinaria de Pregrado

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY: This study aimed to construct three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models of the tongue of domestic mammals of veterinary interest. The tongues were obtained from the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy in the Surgery Department of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo. Tongues from a cow, dog, horse, and pig were selected for scanning and creation of the 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which was deposited together with a support resin. In addition to the printing of models, an interactive 3D PDF was generated, creating a didactic collection for students. The anatomical characteristics and peculiarity of the tongues were easily identified in the scanned and printed images. The 3D scanning and printing offered an innovative method of visualizing different anatomical structures and, together with the existing methods, can optimize anatomy teaching in an educational context.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) de la lengua de mamíferos domésticos de interés veterinario. Las lenguas se obtuvieron de la colección didáctica del Laboratorio de Anatomía Macroscópica Veterinaria del Departamento de Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se seleccionaron lenguas de vaca, perro, caballo y cerdo para escanear y crear los modelos impresos en 3D. La impresora utilizó un material termoplástico filamentoso, acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), que se depositó junto con una resina de soporte. Además de la impresión de modelos, se generó un PDF 3D interactivo, creando una colección didáctica para los estudiantes. Las características anatómicas y la peculiaridad de las lenguas se identificaron fácilmente en las imágenes escaneadas e impresas. El escaneo e impresión 3D ofrecieron un método innovador para visualizar diferentes estructuras anatómicas y, junto con los métodos existentes, puede optimizar la enseñanza de la anatomía en un contexto educativo.

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          Most cited references33

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          3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications.

          Generation of graspable three-dimensional objects applied for surgical planning, prosthetics and related applications using 3D printing or rapid prototyping is summarized and evaluated. Graspable 3D objects overcome the limitations of 3D visualizations which can only be displayed on flat screens. 3D objects can be produced based on CT or MRI volumetric medical images. Using dedicated post-processing algorithms, a spatial model can be extracted from image data sets and exported to machine-readable data. That spatial model data is utilized by special printers for generating the final rapid prototype model. Patient-clinician interaction, surgical training, medical research and education may require graspable 3D objects. The limitations of rapid prototyping include cost and complexity, as well as the need for specialized equipment and consumables such as photoresist resins. Medical application of rapid prototyping is feasible for specialized surgical planning and prosthetics applications and has significant potential for development of new medical applications.
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            The production of anatomical teaching resources using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology.

            The teaching of anatomy has consistently been the subject of societal controversy, especially in the context of employing cadaveric materials in professional medical and allied health professional training. The reduction in dissection-based teaching in medical and allied health professional training programs has been in part due to the financial considerations involved in maintaining bequest programs, accessing human cadavers and concerns with health and safety considerations for students and staff exposed to formalin-containing embalming fluids. This report details how additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing allows the creation of reproductions of prosected human cadaver and other anatomical specimens that obviates many of the above issues. These 3D prints are high resolution, accurate color reproductions of prosections based on data acquired by surface scanning or CT imaging. The application of 3D printing to produce models of negative spaces, contrast CT radiographic data using segmentation software is illustrated. The accuracy of printed specimens is compared with original specimens. This alternative approach to producing anatomically accurate reproductions offers many advantages over plastination as it allows rapid production of multiple copies of any dissected specimen, at any size scale and should be suitable for any teaching facility in any country, thereby avoiding some of the cultural and ethical issues associated with cadaver specimens either in an embalmed or plastinated form.
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              Advantages and disadvantages of 3-dimensional printing in surgery: A systematic review.

              Three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming increasingly important in medicine and especially in surgery. The aim of the present work was to identify the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing applied in surgery.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                April 2021
                : 39
                : 2
                : 436-440
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversity of São Paulo orgdiv1School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science orgdiv2Department of Surgery Brazil
                Article
                S0717-95022021000200436 S0717-9502(21)03900200436
                10.4067/S0717-95022021000200436
                bcf8aba5-e7b8-425b-93e4-ebd3647790ed

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 December 2020
                : 28 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Impresión 3D,Anatomía comparada,Fabricación aditiva,Modelos anatómicos,Modelos 3D,Comparative anatomy,3D printing,3D models,Anatomical models,Additive manufacturing

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