Kwamena W. C. Sagoe:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8891-8267
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole:
Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Kyeremeh Atuahene:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9238-9663
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Angela N. A. Ayiku:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2439-0827
Role: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Prince J. Pappoe-Ashong: Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
Isaac Boamah: Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
Holger Till: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Francis Selorm Hagbe: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Isaac Kofi Egyire: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Matilda Nyampong: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Stephen Ayisi Addo: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Adom Manu: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
Charles L. Noora: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
Millicent Tetteh: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Augustine Ankomah: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
Richard Adanu: Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Jason T. Blackard: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLOS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
3
November
2023
Publication date Collection: 2023
Volume: 18
Issue: 11
Electronic Location Identifier: e0293009
Affiliations
[1
]
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of
Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
[2
]
Ghana AIDS Commission, Accra, Ghana
[3
]
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Accra, Ghana
[4
]
Ghana Prisons Service, Accra, Ghana
[5
]
National AIDS/STI Control Programme, Accra, Ghana
[6
]
Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health,
College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
[7
]
Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of
Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-23-00187
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293009
PMC ID: 10624276
SO-VID: bc6ce781-db6e-4694-9e22-d2a1a47db0fb
Copyright © © 2023 Sagoe et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Accra, Ghana
Funded by:
GIZ
Award ID: 81117053
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9238-9663
Kyeremeh Atuahene
This study was funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH,
Accra, Ghana (
www.giz.de/en/worldwide/324.html). KA received funding from GIZ, under the grant agreement number: 81117053. KA didn't
receive any salary from this organisation. The funders had no role in study design,
data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
They only reviewed the manuscript to assure alignment with GIZ policy.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Social Sciences
Subject:
Law and Legal Sciences
Subject:
Criminal Justice System
Subject:
Prisons
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
RNA viruses
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Social Sciences
Subject:
Law and Legal Sciences
Subject:
Criminal Justice System
Subject:
Prisons
Subject:
Prisoners
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Medical conditions
Subject:
Infectious diseases
Subject:
Viral diseases
Subject:
HIV infections
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Epidemiology
Subject:
HIV epidemiology
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic Medicine
Subject:
Virus Testing
Subject:
People and Places
Subject:
Geographical Locations
Subject:
Africa
Subject:
Ghana
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical microbiology
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Hepatitis viruses
Subject:
Hepatitis B virus
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Pathology and laboratory medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Hepatitis viruses
Subject:
Hepatitis B virus
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Hepatitis viruses
Subject:
Hepatitis B virus
