Oxytocin in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Psikiyatrik Bozukluklarda Oksitosin Tedavisi </span>

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Abstract

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that is most known for its role in reproduction. However, many effects other than reproduction have been defined. The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders is approximately 20%, and they have a significant ratio among the diseases that lead to disability. Treatment resistance may cause the mental disorder to become chronic and increase disability. With the examination of the oxytocinergic system, both the elucidation of the etiology of the diseases and their evaluation as a new treatment option have come to the fore. In various studies, it has been desired to create a more effective treatment model by measuring the level of oxytocin in psychiatric disorders, examining its receptor, and applying exogenous oxytocin in the treatment. In this review, an overview of oxytocin’s efficacy in treatment is presented by considering the relationship between psychiatric disorders and the oxytocinergic system.

Translated abstract

Oksitosin peptid yapısında bir hormondur ve en fazla üremedeki rolü ile bilinir. Ancak üreme dışında da pek çok etkisi tanımlanmıştır. Ruhsal bozuklukların yaşam boyu yaygınlığı yaklaşık yüzde 20 oranlardadır ve yeti yitimine neden olan hastalıklar içerisinde azımsanmayacak düzeydedirler. Tedavilerde karşılaşılan direnç ruhsal bozukluğun kronikleşmesini sağlayıp yeti yitimini artırabilmektedir. Oksitosinerjik sistemin incelenmesi ile hastalıkların hem etiyolojisinin aydınlatılması hem de yeni bir tedavi seçeneği olarak değerlendirilmesi gündeme gelmiştir. Çeşitli çalışmalarda psikiyatrik bozukluklarda oksitosin düzeyinin ölçülmesi, reseptörünün incelenmesi ve tedavide eksojen oksitosin uygulanması ile daha etkin bir tedavi modeli oluşturulmak istenmiştir. Bu derlemede psikiyatrik bozukluklar ve oksitosinerjik sistem arasındaki ilişkiye yer verilerek oksitosinin tedavideki etkililiği hakkında genel bir bakış açısı sunulmaktadır.

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The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013.

Zachary Steel, Claire Marnane, Changiz Iranpour … (2014)

Since the introduction of specified diagnostic criteria for mental disorders in the 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of large-scale mental health surveys providing population estimates of the combined prevalence of common mental disorders (most commonly involving mood, anxiety and substance use disorders). In this study we undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of this literature. We applied an optimized search strategy across the Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE and PubMed databases, supplemented by hand searching to identify relevant surveys. We identified 174 surveys across 63 countries providing period prevalence estimates (155 surveys) and lifetime prevalence estimates (85 surveys). Random effects meta-analysis was undertaken on logit-transformed prevalence rates to calculate pooled prevalence estimates, stratified according to methodological and substantive groupings. Pooling across all studies, approximately 1 in 5 respondents (17.6%, 95% confidence interval:16.3-18.9%) were identified as meeting criteria for a common mental disorder during the 12-months preceding assessment; 29.2% (25.9-32.6%) of respondents were identified as having experienced a common mental disorder at some time during their lifetimes. A consistent gender effect in the prevalence of common mental disorder was evident; women having higher rates of mood (7.3%:4.0%) and anxiety (8.7%:4.3%) disorders during the previous 12 months and men having higher rates of substance use disorders (2.0%:7.5%), with a similar pattern for lifetime prevalence. There was also evidence of consistent regional variation in the prevalence of common mental disorder. Countries within North and South East Asia in particular displayed consistently lower one-year and lifetime prevalence estimates than other regions. One-year prevalence rates were also low among Sub-Saharan-Africa, whereas English speaking counties returned the highest lifetime prevalence estimates. Despite a substantial degree of inter-survey heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, the findings confirm that common mental disorders are highly prevalent globally, affecting people across all regions of the world. This research provides an important resource for modelling population needs based on global regional estimates of mental disorder. The reasons for regional variation in mental disorder require further investigation.

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The Oxytocin Receptor: From Intracellular Signaling to Behavior.

Benjamin Jurek, Inga Neumann (2018)

The many facets of the oxytocin (OXT) system of the brain and periphery elicited nearly 25,000 publications since 1930 (see FIGURE 1 , as listed in PubMed), which revealed central roles for OXT and its receptor (OXTR) in reproduction, and social and emotional behaviors in animal and human studies focusing on mental and physical health and disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of OXT expression and release, expression and binding of the OXTR in brain and periphery, OXTR-coupled signaling cascades, and their involvement in behavioral outcomes to assemble a comprehensive picture of the central and peripheral OXT system. Traditionally known for its role in milk let-down and uterine contraction during labor, OXT also has implications in physiological, and also behavioral, aspects of reproduction, such as sexual and maternal behaviors and pair bonding, but also anxiety, trust, sociability, food intake, or even drug abuse. The many facets of OXT are, on a molecular basis, brought about by a single receptor. The OXTR, a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor capable of binding to either Gαi or Gαq proteins, activates a set of signaling cascades, such as the MAPK, PKC, PLC, or CaMK pathways, which converge on transcription factors like CREB or MEF-2. The cellular response to OXT includes regulation of neurite outgrowth, cellular viability, and increased survival. OXTergic projections in the brain represent anxiety and stress-regulating circuits connecting the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or the medial prefrontal cortex. Which OXT-induced patterns finally alter the behavior of an animal or a human being is still poorly understood, and studying those OXTR-coupled signaling cascades is one initial step toward a better understanding of the molecular background of those behavioral effects.

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Oxytocin attenuates amygdala reactivity to fear in generalized social anxiety disorder.

Phyllis Chua, Amanda Wood, Izelle Labuschagne … (2010)

Patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) exhibit heightened activation of the amygdala in response to social cues conveying threat (eg, fearful/angry faces). The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) decreases anxiety and stress, facilitates social encounters, and attenuates amygdala reactivity to threatening faces in healthy subjects. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of OXT on fear-related amygdala reactivity in GSAD and matched healthy control (CON) subjects. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study utilizing a double-blind placebo-controlled within-subjects design, we measured amygdala activation to an emotional face matching task of fearful, angry, and happy faces following acute intranasal administration of OXT (24 IU or 40.32 μg) and placebo in 18 GSAD and 18 CON subjects. Both the CON and GSAD groups activated bilateral amygdala to all emotional faces during placebo, with the GSAD group exhibiting hyperactivity specifically to fearful faces in bilateral amygdala compared with the CON group. OXT had no effect on amygdala activity to emotional faces in the CON group, but attenuated the heightened amygdala reactivity to fearful faces in the GSAD group, such that the hyperactivity observed during the placebo session was no longer evident following OXT (ie, normalization). These findings suggest that OXT has a specific effect on fear-related amygdala activity, particularly when the amygdala is hyperactive, such as in GSAD, thereby providing a brain-based mechanism of the impact of OXT in modulating the exaggerated processing of social signals of threat in patients with pathological anxiety.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medeni Med J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medeni Med J

Journal ID (publisher-id): medj

Title: Medeniyet Medical Journal

Publisher: Galenos Publishing

ISSN (Print): 2149-2042

ISSN (Electronic): 2149-4606

Publication date (Print): September 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2023

Volume: 38

Issue: 3

Pages: 218-231

Affiliations

[1 ]Hitit University Erol Olcok Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Corum, Turkey

[2 ]Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Rize, Turkey

Author notes

* Address for Correspondence: Hitit University Erol Olcok Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Corum, Turkey E-mail: cgtykgzmn@ 123456gmail.com

Author information

Salim Cagatay KAGIZMAN https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1448-6502

Cicek HOCAOGLU https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6613-4317

Article

Publisher ID: 62303

DOI: 10.4274/MMJ.galenos.2023.13707

PMC ID: 10542980

PubMed ID: 37767153

SO-VID: bc1d10ee-d78b-47a2-9fa4-56f5d1db8814

License:

Licenced by Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

Oxytocin in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders Translated title: Psikiyatrik Bozukluklarda Oksitosin Tedavisi

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Neuronal Signaling

Most cited references 68

The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013.

The Oxytocin Receptor: From Intracellular Signaling to Behavior.

Oxytocin attenuates amygdala reactivity to fear in generalized social anxiety disorder.

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