Detection of COVID-19: A review of the current literature and future perspectives

Abstract

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic. This unprecedented situation has garnered worldwide attention. An effective strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic is to develop highly accurate methods for the rapid identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Many companies and institutes are therefore striving to develop effective methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA), antibodies, antigens, and the virus. In this review, we summarize the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its genome and gene expression characteristics, and the current progression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, antigens, and virus detection. Further, we discuss the reasons for the observed false-negative and false-positive RNA and antibody detection results in practical clinical applications. Finally, we provide a review of the biosensors which hold promising potential for point-of-care detection of COVID-19 patients. This review thereby provides general guidelines for both scientists in the biosensing research community and for those in the biosensor industry to develop a highly sensitive and accurate point-of-care COVID-19 detection system, which would be of enormous benefit for controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Highlights

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  The viral particles structure, genome and gene expression characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are described.

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  The current SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, RNA, antigens, and antibody detection methods are reviewed.

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  The clinical performance and unmet problems associated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA antigen, and antibody detection are highlighted.

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  Potential biosensors for use in developing point-of-care, rapid, high-sensitivity SARS-CoV-2 detection methods are discussed.