Principles, mechanisms and functions of entrainment in biological oscillators

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Abstract

Entrainment is a phenomenon in which two oscillators interact with each other, typically through physical or chemical means, to synchronize their oscillations. This phenomenon occurs in biology to coordinate processes from the molecular to organismal scale. Biological oscillators can be entrained within a single cell, between cells or to an external input. Using six illustrative examples of entrainable biological oscillators, we discuss the distinctions between entrainment and synchrony and explore features that contribute to a system's propensity to entrain. Entrainment can either enhance or reduce the heterogeneity of oscillations within a cell population, and we provide examples and mechanisms of each case. Finally, we discuss the known functions of entrainment and discuss potential functions from an evolutionary perspective.

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Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model

Ana Rakita, Nenad Nikolić, Michael Mildner … (2020)

A large body of literature is available on wound healing in humans. Nonetheless, a standardized ex vivo wound model without disruption of the dermal compartment has not been put forward with compelling justification. Here, we present a novel wound model based on application of negative pressure and its effects for epidermal regeneration and immune cell behaviour. Importantly, the basement membrane remained intact after blister roof removal and keratinocytes were absent in the wounded area. Upon six days of culture, the wound was covered with one to three-cell thick K14+Ki67+ keratinocyte layers, indicating that proliferation and migration were involved in wound closure. After eight to twelve days, a multi-layered epidermis was formed expressing epidermal differentiation markers (K10, filaggrin, DSG-1, CDSN). Investigations about immune cell-specific manners revealed more T cells in the blister roof epidermis compared to normal epidermis. We identified several cell populations in blister roof epidermis and suction blister fluid that are absent in normal epidermis which correlated with their decrease in the dermis, indicating a dermal efflux upon negative pressure. Together, our model recapitulates the main features of epithelial wound regeneration, and can be applied for testing wound healing therapies and investigating underlying mechanisms.

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Ultrastructural Characterization of the Lower Motor System in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease

Valentina Cappello, Laura Marchetti, Paola Parlanti … (2016)

Krabbe disease (KD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the lack of β- galactosylceramidase enzymatic activity and by widespread accumulation of the cytotoxic galactosyl-sphingosine in neuronal, myelinating and endothelial cells. Despite the wide use of Twitcher mice as experimental model for KD, the ultrastructure of this model is partial and mainly addressing peripheral nerves. More details are requested to elucidate the basis of the motor defects, which are the first to appear during KD onset. Here we use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to focus on the alterations produced by KD in the lower motor system at postnatal day 15 (P15), a nearly asymptomatic stage, and in the juvenile P30 mouse. We find mild effects on motorneuron soma, severe ones on sciatic nerves and very severe effects on nerve terminals and neuromuscular junctions at P30, with peripheral damage being already detectable at P15. Finally, we find that the gastrocnemius muscle undergoes atrophy and structural changes that are independent of denervation at P15. Our data further characterize the ultrastructural analysis of the KD mouse model, and support recent theories of a dying-back mechanism for neuronal degeneration, which is independent of demyelination.

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From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators

Steven Strogatz (2000)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Alba Jiménez:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9014-5857

Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Ying Lu:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3516-7735

Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Ashwini Jambhekar:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-6601

Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Galit Lahav:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-6427

Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Interface Focus

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Interface Focus

Journal ID (publisher-id): RSFS

Journal ID (hwp): royfocus

Title: Interface Focus

Publisher: The Royal Society

ISSN (Print): 2042-8898

ISSN (Electronic): 2042-8901

Publication date (Electronic, pub): April 15, 2022

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 6 June 2022

Publication date PMC-release: April 15, 2022

Volume: 12

Issue: 3 , Theme issue ‘Time-keeping and decision-making in living cells; Oscillations and Synchronization (Part I)’ organised by Attila Csikasz-Nagy, Didier Gonze, Jae Kyoung Kim, Silvia Santos, John Tyson and Jana Wolf

Electronic Location Identifier: 20210088

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, , Boston, MA 02115, USA

[ ² ] Ludwig Center at Harvard, , Boston, MA 02115, USA

Author notes

One contribution of 5 to a theme issue ‘ Time-keeping and decision-making in living cells; Oscillations and Synchronization (Part I) ’.

Author information

Alba Jiménez http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9014-5857

Ying Lu http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3516-7735

Ashwini Jambhekar http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-6601

Galit Lahav http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-6427

Article

Publisher ID: rsfs20210088

DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0088

PMC ID: 9010850

PubMed ID: 35450280

SO-VID: bb932030-194e-4ac6-a92a-18b81476ea4d

License:

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : December 17, 2021

Date accepted : March 7, 2022

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Principles, mechanisms and functions of entrainment in biological oscillators

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Most cited references 105

Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model

Ultrastructural Characterization of the Lower Motor System in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease

From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators

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Cited by 5

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