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      TPPU Downregulates Oxidative Stress Damage and Induces BDNF Expression in PC-12 Cells

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Ischemia-reperfusion is an ongoing clinical challenge that can lead to a series of pathological changes including oxidative stress. The inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEH) by 1-(1-propanoylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]urea (TPPU) results in an anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and blood vessel growth-promoting effects. Therefore, this study focused on the protective effect of TPPU on a rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cell oxidative stress model induced by H 2O 2.

          Methods

          CCK-8 and Hoechst 33342 were used to evaluate cell apoptosis and western blot to detect the apoptotic proteins and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression.

          Result

          The incubation with 100  μM, 50  μM, and 25  μM TPPU significantly increased PC-12 cell viability. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) pretreatment also protected PC-12 cells from oxidative stress. In addition, TPPU reduced caspase-3 and Bax expression and induced Bcl-2 expression, and EETs exerted the same effect on caspase-3 expression as TPPU. A positive relationship was found between TPPU or EET incubation and BDNF expression.

          Conclusion

          These results revealed that TPPU reduced PC-12 cell oxidative stress injury induced by H 2O 2 and promoted BDNF expression.

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          Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

          Catherine Owens Johnson, Minh Tri Nguyen, Gregory A Roth … (2019)
          Summary Background Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide and the economic costs of treatment and post-stroke care are substantial. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic, comparable method of quantifying health loss by disease, age, sex, year, and location to provide information to health systems and policy makers on more than 300 causes of disease and injury, including stroke. The results presented here are the estimates of burden due to overall stroke and ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke from GBD 2016. Methods We report estimates and corresponding uncertainty intervals (UIs), from 1990 to 2016, for incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). DALYs were generated by summing YLLs and YLDs. Cause-specific mortality was estimated using an ensemble modelling process with vital registration and verbal autopsy data as inputs. Non-fatal estimates were generated using Bayesian meta-regression incorporating data from registries, scientific literature, administrative records, and surveys. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator generated using educational attainment, lagged distributed income, and total fertility rate, was used to group countries into quintiles. Findings In 2016, there were 5·5 million (95% UI 5·3 to 5·7) deaths and 116·4 million (111·4 to 121·4) DALYs due to stroke. The global age-standardised mortality rate decreased by 36·2% (−39·3 to −33·6) from 1990 to 2016, with decreases in all SDI quintiles. Over the same period, the global age-standardised DALY rate declined by 34·2% (−37·2 to −31·5), also with decreases in all SDI quintiles. There were 13·7 million (12·7 to 14·7) new stroke cases in 2016. Global age-standardised incidence declined by 8·1% (−10·7 to −5·5) from 1990 to 2016 and decreased in all SDI quintiles except the middle SDI group. There were 80·1 million (74·1 to 86·3) prevalent cases of stroke globally in 2016; 41·1 million (38·0 to 44·3) in women and 39·0 million (36·1 to 42·1) in men. Interpretation Although age-standardised mortality rates have decreased sharply from 1990 to 2016, the decrease in age-standardised incidence has been less steep, indicating that the burden of stroke is likely to remain high. Planned updates to future GBD iterations include generating separate estimates for subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage, generating estimates of transient ischaemic attack, and including atrial fibrillation as a risk factor. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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            Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function.

            Hyungju Park, Mu-ming Poo (2012)
            Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)--a member of a small family of secreted proteins that includes nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4--has emerged as a key regulator of neural circuit development and function. The expression, secretion and actions of BDNF are directly controlled by neural activity, and secreted BDNF is capable of mediating many activity-dependent processes in the mammalian brain, including neuronal differentiation and growth, synapse formation and plasticity, and higher cognitive functions. This Review summarizes some of the recent progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurotrophin regulation of neural circuits. The focus of the article is on BDNF, as this is the most widely expressed and studied neurotrophin in the mammalian brain.
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              Stroke.

              Graeme Hankey (2017)
              In the past decade, the definition of stroke has been revised and major advances have been made for its treatment and prevention. For acute ischaemic stroke, the addition of endovascular thrombectomy of proximal large artery occlusion to intravenous alteplase increases functional independence for a further fifth of patients. The benefits of aspirin in preventing early recurrent ischaemic stroke are greater than previously recognised. Other strategies to prevent recurrent stroke now include direct oral anticoagulants as an alternative to warfarin for atrial fibrillation, and carotid stenting as an alternative to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. For acute intracerebral haemorrhage, trials are ongoing to assess the effectiveness of acute blood pressure lowering, haemostatic therapy, minimally invasive surgery, anti-inflammation therapy, and neuroprotection methods. Pharmacological and stem-cell therapies promise to facilitate brain regeneration, rehabilitation, and functional recovery. Despite declining stroke mortality rates, the global burden of stroke is increasing. A more comprehensive approach to primary prevention of stroke is required that targets people at all levels of risk and is integrated with prevention strategies for other diseases that share common risk factors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jingfang Song:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-8801
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Comput Math Methods Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Comput Math Methods Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cmmm
                Title: Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1748-670X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1748-6718
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 July 2022
                Volume: 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 7083022
                Affiliations
                1Department of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China 529000
                2Department of General Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of TCM, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China 529000
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Gang Chen

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-8801
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2022/7083022
                PMC ID: 9300306
                PubMed ID: 35872930
                SO-VID: bb35c03d-f277-4345-a584-0404895c61a8
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 Qiong Wu et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 June 2022
                Date revision received : 22 June 2022
                Date accepted : 27 June 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Jiangmen Basic and Key of Applied Basic Project
                Award ID: 17
                Funded by: Ordinary Universities
                Award ID: 2019GKQNCX034
                Funded by: Guangdong Medical Research Foundation
                Award ID: B2020182
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Applied mathematics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Applied mathematics

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