A scoping review of social media in child, adolescents and young adults: research findings in depression, anxiety and other clinical challenges

Abstract

Background

Social media and other technologies are reshaping communication and health.

Aims

This review addresses the relationship between social media use, behavioural health conditions and psychological well-being for youth aged <25 years.

Method

A scoping review of 11 literature databases from 2000 to 2020 explored research studies in youth in five areas: clinical depression and anxiety, quantitative use, social media mode, engagement and qualitative dimensions and health and well-being.

Results

Out of 2820 potential literature references, 140 met the inclusion criteria. The foci were clinical depression and anxiety disorders ( n = 78), clinical challenges (e.g. suicidal ideation, cyberbullying) ( n = 34) and psychological well-being ( n = 28). Most studies focused on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. Few studies are longitudinal in design ( n = 26), had comparison groups ( n = 27), were randomised controlled trials ( n = 3) or used structured assessments ( n = 4). Few focused on different youth and sociodemographic populations, particularly for low-income, equity-seeking and deserving populations. Studies examined association ( n = 120; 85.7%), mediating ( n = 16; 11.4%) and causal ( n = 4; 2.9%) relationships. Prospective, longitudinal studies of depression and anxiety appear to indicate that shorter use (≤3 h/day) and purposeful engagement is associated with better mood and psychological well-being. Depression may predict social media use and reduce perception of support. Findings provide families, teachers and providers ways to engage youth.

Conclusions

Research opportunities include clinical outcomes from functional perspective on a health continuum, diverse youth and sociodemographic populations, methodology, intervention and privacy issues. More longitudinal studies, comparison designs and effectiveness approaches are also needed. Health systems face clinical, training and professional development challenges.