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      Suizide im deutschen Strafvollzug: Häufigkeit, Risikofaktoren und Prävention Translated title: Suicides in the German prison system: frequency, risk factors, and prevention

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          Abstract

          Gefangene haben ein hohes Suizidrisiko und die höchsten Suizidraten sind bei Untersuchungsgefangenen zu verzeichnen. Suizid ist die häufigste singuläre Todesursache in deutschen Gefängnissen. In diesem narrativen Übersichtsbeitrag werden zunächst die Gefängnispopulation und ihre allgemeine Gesundheitsversorgung beschrieben, wobei insbesondere auf psychiatrische und Substanzkonsumstörungen eingegangen wird. Der Hauptteil widmet sich der Prävalenz, den Ursachen und Risikofaktoren von Gefängnissuizid. Maßnahmen zur Suizidprävention werden dargestellt.

          Der Anteil von Männern unter Gefangenen in Deutschland ist mit 94 % (2020) wie in allen Teilen der Welt sehr hoch. Die meisten Gefangenen sind jungen oder mittleren Alters. Die durchschnittlichen jährlichen Suizidraten bei Männern und Frauen in deutschen Gefängnissen entsprechen mit 105,8/100.000 bzw. 54,7/100.000 denen der meisten Länder in der Europäischen Union (Vollerhebung 2000–2011). Die Suizidraten bei männlichen deutschen Gefangenen sind in den Jahren 2000–2013 unabhängig vom Alter kontinuierlich zurückgegangen. Bei weiblichen Gefangenen stiegen sie dagegen an, wobei die Ursachen hierfür nicht bekannt sind. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass psychiatrische Erkrankungen nicht erkannt worden waren.

          Wichtige suizidpräventive Maßnahmen sind die Unterbringung in Gemeinschaft und die Vermeidung von Isolation, beispielsweise durch das Angebot von Arbeit. Zudem stehen validierte deutschsprachige Screeninginstrumente zur Verfügung, um ein Suizidrisiko frühzeitig zu erkennen. Für eine wirksame Gefängnissuizidprävention bedarf es der Identifikation von Hochrisikopersonen, des Angebots geeigneter suizidpräventiver Maßnahmen sowie der Entwicklung teambezogener Maßnahmen beim Gefängnispersonal.

          Translated abstract

          Prisoners have a high risk of dying by suicide and the highest suicide rates are recorded among prisoners on remand. A death by suicide is the most common single cause of death in German correctional institutions. This narrative overview first describes the prison population and its general healthcare needs by paying particular attention to psychiatric and substance use disorders. The main section attends to the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of prison suicide. Suicide prevention measures are presented.

          As in all parts of the world, the proportion of young men among prisoners in Germany is very high (94% in 2020). Most prisoners are young or middle-aged. The average annual suicide rates among men (105.8/100,000) and women (54.7/100,000) in German prisons are similar to those of most countries in the European Union (full census 2000–2011). Suicide rates among male German prisoners declined continuously from 2000–2013, regardless of age. In contrast, they increased among female prisoners; the reasons for this are not known. Evidence suggests that psychiatric disorders have not been identified.

          Important suicide prevention measures include shared accommodation and avoidance of solitary confinement, for example by offering work. In addition, validated German-language screening instruments are available to detect suicide risk at an early stage. For effective prison suicide prevention, identifying high-risk individuals, offering appropriate suicide prevention interventions, and developing team-based interventions among prison staff are required.

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          Most cited references47

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          Improving Suicide Prevention Through Evidence-Based Strategies: A Systematic Review

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            Suicide in prisons: an international study of prevalence and contributory factors

            Summary Background Prison suicide rates, rate ratios, and associations with prison-related factors need clarification and updating. We examined prison suicide rates in countries where reliable information was available, associations with a range of prison-service and health-service related factors, how these rates compared with the general population, and changes over the past decade. Methods We collected data for prison suicides in 24 high-income countries in Europe, Australasia, and North America from their prison administrations for 2011–14 to calculate suicide rates and rate ratios compared with the general population. We used meta-regression to test associations with general population suicide rates, incarceration rates, and prison-related factors (overcrowding, ratio of prisoners to prison officers or health-care staff or education staff, daily spend, turnover, and imprisonment duration). We also examined temporal trends. Findings 3906 prison suicides occurred during 2011–14 in the 24 high-income countries we studied. Where there was breakdown by sex (n=2810), 2607 (93%) were in men and 203 (7%) were in women. Nordic countries had the highest prison suicide rates of more than 100 suicides per 100 000 prisoners apart from Denmark (where it was 91 per 100 000), followed by western Europe where prison suicide rates in France and Belgium were more than 100 per 100 000 prisoners. Australasian and North American countries had rates ranging from 23 to 67 suicides per 100 000 prisoners. Rate ratios, or rates compared with those in the general population of the same sex and similar age, were typically higher than 3 in men and 9 in women. Higher incarceration rates were associated with lower prison suicide rates (b = –0·504, p = 0·014), which was attenuated when adjusting for prison-level variables. There were no associations between rates of prison suicide and general population suicide, any other tested prison-related factors, or differing criteria for defining suicide deaths. Changes in prison suicide rates over the past decade vary widely between countries. Interpretation Many countries in northern and western Europe have prison suicide rates of more than 100 per 100 000 prisoners per year. Individual-level information about prisoner health is required to understand the substantial variations reported and changes over time. Funding Wellcome Trust and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).
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              Self-harm in prisons in England and Wales: an epidemiological study of prevalence, risk factors, clustering, and subsequent suicide

              Summary Background Self-harm and suicide are common in prisoners, yet robust information on the full extent and characteristics of people at risk of self-harm is scant. Furthermore, understanding how frequently self-harm is followed by suicide, and in which prisoners this progression is most likely to happen, is important. We did a case-control study of all prisoners in England and Wales to ascertain the prevalence of self-harm in this population, associated risk factors, clustering effects, and risk of subsequent suicide after self-harm. Methods Records of self-harm incidents in all prisons in England and Wales were gathered routinely between January, 2004, and December, 2009. We did a case-control comparison of prisoners who self-harmed and those who did not between January, 2006, and December, 2009. We also used a Bayesian approach to look at clustering of people who self-harmed. Prisoners who self-harmed and subsequently died by suicide in prison were compared with other inmates who self-harmed. Findings 139 195 self-harm incidents were recorded in 26 510 individual prisoners between 2004 and 2009; 5–6% of male prisoners and 20–24% of female inmates self-harmed every year. Self-harm rates were more than ten times higher in female prisoners than in male inmates. Repetition of self-harm was common, particularly in women and teenage girls, in whom a subgroup of 102 prisoners accounted for 17 307 episodes. In both sexes, self-harm was associated with younger age, white ethnic origin, prison type, and a life sentence or being unsentenced; in female inmates, committing a violent offence against an individual was also a factor. Substantial evidence was noted of clustering in time and location of prisoners who self-harmed (adjusted intra-class correlation 0·15, 95% CI 0·11–0·18). 109 subsequent suicides in prison were reported in individuals who self-harmed; the risk was higher in those who self-harmed than in the general prison population, and more than half the deaths occurred within a month of self-harm. Risk factors for suicide after self-harm in male prisoners were older age and a previous self-harm incident of high or moderate lethality; in female inmates, a history of more than five self-harm incidents within a year was associated with subsequent suicide. Interpretation The burden of self-harm in prisoners is substantial, particularly in women. Self-harm in prison is associated with subsequent suicide in this setting. Prevention and treatment of self-harm in prisoners is an essential component of suicide prevention in prisons. Funding Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, National Offender Management Service, and Department of Health.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                annette.opitz-welke@charite.de
                Journal
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1436-9990
                1437-1588
                29 December 2021
                29 December 2021
                2022
                : 65
                : 1
                : 18-24
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6363.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2218 4662, Institut für Forensische Psychiatrie, , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, ; Außenstandort (Haus 10), Oranienburger Str. 285, 13437 Berlin, Deutschland
                [2 ]Justizvollzugskrankenhaus, Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Justizvollzugsanstalt (JVA) Plötzensee, Berlin, Deutschland
                Article
                3460
                10.1007/s00103-021-03460-4
                8732920
                34964913
                baa9cf25-95c6-4c77-8843-04153bb6b855
                © The Author(s) 2021

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                History
                : 31 July 2021
                : 8 November 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (3093)
                Categories
                Leitthema
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                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2022

                gefängnis,untersuchungsgefangene,screening,suizidprävention,psychiatrische erkrankung,prison,prisoners on remand,suicide prevention,psychiatric disorder

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