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      Water immersion and one-year storage influence the germination of the pyrenes of Copernicia alba Morong, a palm tree from a neotropical wetland Translated title: A imersão em água e o armazenamento de um ano influenciam a germinação dos pirênios de Copernicia alba Morong, uma palmeira de um bioma alagado neotropical

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Palm seeds are known for displaying dormancy and a thick endocarp that delays germination and embryo growth, but water treatments may accelerate their germination process. Additionally, ex-situ conservation of arecaceae species may cause loss of seed viability over time. Data on seed dormancy and storage have been neglected for many native palm species in Brazil. Therefore, we investigated the effect of water treatments and one-year storage on the germination of Copernicia alba Morong, a palm tree from the Brazilian Pantanal wetland. Fresh and stored pyrenes were immersed in water (at room temperature for 24, 48, and 72h) and in hot water (~75°C for 5 and 10-min). Fresh pyrenes germinated up to 84% in control, reaching 100% after water immersion for 48 and 72h. One-year storage reduced germination by almost 50%, but water immersion slightly increased the germination of stored pyrenes. Hot water decreased germination for both fresh and stored pyrenes. Seeds of C. alba may be classified as orthodox seed storage behavior. Taken all together, water treatments at room temperature improved the germination of the pyrenes. In contrast, long-term seed storage and hot-water treatments may jeopardize germination.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO As sementes de palmeiras geralmente apresentam dormência e um endocarpo espesso que retarda a germinação e o crescimento do embrião, contudo, tratamentos com água podem acelerar o processo de germinação das suas sementes. Além disso, a conservação ex-situ de sementes pode causar perda de viabilidade das sementes de Arecacea especies ao longo do tempo. Dados sobre dormência e armazenamento de sementes têm sido negligenciados para muitas espécies de palmeiras nativas no Brasil. Por conta disso, nós investigamos o efeito da imersão em água e armazenamento de um ano sobre a germinação de sementes de Copernicia alba Morong, uma palmeira do Pantanal brasileiro. Pirênios recém-colhidos e armazenados foram imersos em água a temperatura ambiente por 24, 48 e 72h e água quente (~75°C por 5 e 10 min). Pirênios recém coletados germinaram 84% no controle, atingindo 100% após imersão em água por 48 e 72h. O armazenamento de um ano reduziu a germinação em ~50%, todavia, a imersão em água promoveu a germinação dos pirênios armazenadas. A água quente diminuiu a germinação dos pirênios frescos e os armazenados. De acordo com os resultados, sementes de C. alba podem ser classificadas em ortodoxas. Em geral, a imersão em água à temperatura ambiente aumentou a germinação dos pirênios. Entretanto, armazenamento for longa duração e tratamentos com água quente podem prejudicar a germinação.

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          Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4

          Maximum likelihood or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of the parameters in linear mixed-effects models can be determined using the lmer function in the lme4 package for R. As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer. Journal of Statistical Software, 67 (1) ISSN:1548-7660
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            Speed of Germination—Aid In Selection And Evaluation for Seedling Emergence And Vigor1

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              How and why to measure the germination process?

              In the last two centuries, papers have been published including measurements of the germination process. High diversity of mathematical expressions has made comparisons between papers and some times the interpretation of results difficult. Thus, in this paper is included a review about measurements of the germination process, with an analysis of the several mathematical expressions included in the specific literature, recovering the history, sense, and limitations of some germination measurements. Among the measurements included in this paper are the germinability, germination time, coefficient of uniformity of germination (CUG), coefficient of variation of the germination time (CVt), germination rate (mean rate, weighted mean rate, coefficient of velocity, germination rate of George, Timson’s index, GV or Czabator’s index; Throneberry and Smith’s method and its adaptations, including Maguire’s rate; ERI or emergence rate index, germination index, and its modifications), uncertainty associated to the distribution of the relative frequency of germination (U), and synchronization index (Z). The limits of the germination measurements were included to make the interpretation and decisions during comparisons easier. Time, rate, homogeneity, and synchrony are aspects that can be measured, informing the dynamics of the germination process. These characteristics are important not only for physiologists and seed technologists, but also for ecologists because it is possible to predict the degree of successful of a species based on the capacity of their harvest seed to spread the germination through time, permitting the recruitment in the environment of some part of the seedlings formed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hoehnea
                Hoehnea
                Hoehnea
                Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0073-2877
                2236-8906
                2022
                : 49
                : e782021
                Affiliations
                [2] Rio Claro orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências orgdiv2Departamento de Biodiversidade Brazil
                [1] Campo Grande orgnameUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências orgdiv2Laboratório de Sementes - Botânica, Cidade Universitária Brazil
                Article
                S2236-89062022000100405 S2236-8906(22)04900000405
                10.1590/2236-8906-78-2021
                ba337dc8-39af-4de1-8665-dc802cb950e7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 September 2022
                : 03 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Arecaceae,hot-water treatment,Pantanal,seed storage,armazenamento de sementes,carandá,tratamento com água quente,caranday palm

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