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      The association between vitamin D level and periodontal disease in Saudi population, a preliminary study

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Among other regulatory functions, vitamin D has a role in modulating the inflammatory process of periodontal disease. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to assess the relationship between vitamin D levels and periodontal health in dental patients from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

          Methods

          Radiographs and serum vitamin D levels of patients seeking dental treatment were collected. Exclusion criteria were systemic disease, smoking, recent vitamin D supplementation, and previous periodontal surgery. Gender, age, and alveolar crest height (ACH) were recorded. A total of 67 patients were categorized into three groups according to their serum vitamin D level (<10, <20, and > 20 ng/mL) and their bone loss compared.

          Results

          Differences in means were compared by t-test. ANOVA was used to compare vitamin D groups and the corresponding ACH, as well as the correlation ( p < .05). Patients with vitamin D levels > 20 ng/mL demonstrated a mean ACH of 1.6 mm. The mean ACH was 3.1 mm for those with vitamin D levels < 20 ng/mL, and 4.6 mm for vitamin D levels < 10 ng/mL. A weak negative correlation was found between vitamin D and ACH in all groups (r = −0.055, p = .7).

          Conclusion

          Serum vitamin D level seems to be an important factor that influences oral health, especially the periodontal condition, of both male and female patients.

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          Most cited references43

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          Vitamin D Deficiency

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            Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets.

            The epidemic scourge of rickets in the 19th century was caused by vitamin D deficiency due to inadequate sun exposure and resulted in growth retardation, muscle weakness, skeletal deformities, hypocalcemia, tetany, and seizures. The encouragement of sensible sun exposure and the fortification of milk with vitamin D resulted in almost complete eradication of the disease. Vitamin D (where D represents D2 or D3) is biologically inert and metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the major circulating form of vitamin D that is used to determine vitamin D status. 25(OH)D is activated in the kidneys to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], which regulates calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency has again become an epidemic in children, and rickets has become a global health issue. In addition to vitamin D deficiency, calcium deficiency and acquired and inherited disorders of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolism cause rickets. This review summarizes the role of vitamin D in the prevention of rickets and its importance in the overall health and welfare of infants and children.
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              A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency.

              This review looks at the critical role of vitamin D in improving barrier function, production of antimicrobial peptides including cathelicidin and some defensins, and immune modulation. The function of vitamin D in the innate immune system and in the epithelial cells of the oral cavity, lung, gastrointestinal system, genito-urinary system, skin and surface of the eye is discussed. Clinical conditions are reviewed where vitamin D may play a role in the prevention of infections or where it may be used as primary or adjuvant treatment for viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Several conditions such as tuberculosis, psoriasis, eczema, Crohn's disease, chest infections, wound infections, influenza, urinary tract infections, eye infections and wound healing may benefit from adequate circulating 25(OH)D as substrate. Clinical diseases are presented in which optimization of 25(OH)D levels may benefit or cause harm according to present day knowledge. The safety of using larger doses of vitamin D in various clinical settings is discussed. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Saudi Dent J
                Saudi Dent J
                The Saudi Dental Journal
                Elsevier
                1013-9052
                1658-3558
                12 August 2020
                November 2021
                12 August 2020
                : 33
                : 7
                : 595-600
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                [b ]Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [c ]Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [d ]College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                [e ]Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Periodontology Division. College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. mimadi@ 123456iau.edu.sa
                [1]

                P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia. Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University.

                Article
                S1013-9052(20)30749-5
                10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.08.002
                8589625
                34803306
                b9ebbb9b-87eb-4582-832a-e831b1a68b7e
                © 2020 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 April 2020
                : 4 June 2020
                : 4 August 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                vitamin d,vitamin d deficiency,periodontal disease
                vitamin d, vitamin d deficiency, periodontal disease

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