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      Etiología de la costra negra del nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) en México Translated title: Etiology of black scab on prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in Mexico

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          Abstract

          Resumen. Para identificar el agente causal de la costra negra del nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) se aislaron e identificaron morfológicamente los hongos asociados a la enfermedad. El estudio se realizó a partir de cladodios con síntomas característicos de la enfermedad colectados en la localidad de Santa Cecilia Clavijero, en el municipio de San Juan Ixcaquixtla, Puebla. Los hongos asociados a la enfermedad se identificaron como: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aplosporella hesperidica y Didymella glomerata. Para demostrar su patogenicidad, los hongos se inocularon individualmente y en sus combinaciones en cladodios de seis meses de edad. Los síntomas iniciaron 50 días después de la inoculación. El método de inoculación que permitió la reproducción de los síntomas fue la inyección de una suspensión a una concentración de 6×103 conidios mL−1 de la mezcla de los tres hongos; cladodios inoculados con uno y dos hongos, no resultó en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. C. cladosporioides, A. hesperidica y D. glomerata son los agentes causales de la costra negra del nopal siendo este el primer reporte de estos patógenos en el cultivo del nopal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract. To identify the agent of black scab on prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), the fungi associated with the disease were isolated and morphologically identified. The study was carried out from cladodes with characteristic symptoms of the disease collected in the town of Santa Cecilia Clavijero, in the municipality of San Juan Ixcaquixtla, Puebla. The fungi associated with the disease were identified as: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aplosporella hesperidica and Didymella glomerata. To demonstrate their pathogenicity, the fungi were inoculated individually and in their combinations in six-month-old cladodes. Symptoms started 50 days after inoculation. The inoculation method that allowed the reproduction of the symptoms was the injection of a suspension at a concentration of 6 × 103 conidia mL-1 of the mixture of the three fungi; cladodes inoculated with one and two fungi, did not result in the development of the disease. C. cladosporioides, A. hesperidica and D. glomerata are the causative agents of the nopal black scab, this being the first report of these pathogens in the nopal cultivation.

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          The genus Cladosporium

          A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i.e., with a convex central dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Recognised species are treated and illustrated with line drawings and photomicrographs (light as well as scanning electron microscopy). Species known from culture are described in vivo as well as in vitro on standardised media and under controlled conditions. Details on host range/substrates and the geographic distribution are given based on published accounts, and a re-examination of numerous herbarium specimens. Various keys are provided to support the identification of Cladosporium species in vivo and in vitro. Morphological datasets are supplemented by DNA barcodes (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) diagnostic for individual species. In total 993 names assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., including Heterosporium (854 in Cladosporium and 139 in Heterosporium), are treated, of which 169 are recognized in Cladosporium s. str. The other taxa are doubtful, insufficiently known or have been excluded from Cladosporium in its current circumscription and re-allocated to other genera by the authors of this monograph or previous authors. Taxonomic novelties: Cladosporium allicinum (Fr.: Fr.) Bensch, U. Braun & Crous, comb. nov., C. astroideum var. catalinense U. Braun, var. nov., Fusicladium tectonicola (Yong H. He & Z.Y. Zhang) U. Braun & Bensch, comb. nov., Septoidium uleanum (Henn.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium adeniae (Hansf.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium dianellae (Sawada & Katsuki) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium lythri (Westend.) U. Braun & H.D. Shin, comb. nov., Zasmidium wikstroemiae (Petch) U. Braun, comb. nov.
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            Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales)

            The genus Cladosporium is one of the largest genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes, and is characterised by a coronate scar structure, conidia in acropetal chains and Davidiella teleomorphs. Based on morphology and DNA phylogeny, the species complexes of C. herbarum and C. sphaerospermum have been resolved, resulting in the elucidation of numerous new taxa. In the present study, more than 200 isolates belonging to the C. cladosporioides complex were examined and phylogenetically analysed on the basis of DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences. For the saprobic, widely distributed species Cladosporium cladosporioides, both a neotype and epitype are designated in order to specify a well established circumscription and concept of this species. Cladosporium tenuissimum and C. oxysporum, two saprobes abundant in the tropics, are epitypified and shown to be allied to, but distinct from C. cladosporioides. Twenty-two species are newly described on the basis of phylogenetic characters and cryptic morphological differences. The most important phenotypic characters for distinguishing species within the C. cladosporioides complex, which represents a monophyletic subclade within the genus, are shape, width, length, septation and surface ornamentation of conidia and conidiophores; length and branching patterns of conidial chains and hyphal shape, width and arrangement. Many of the treated species, e.g., C. acalyphae, C. angustisporum, C. australiense, C. basiinflatum, C. chalastosporoides, C. colocasiae, C. cucumerinum, C. exasperatum, C. exile, C. flabelliforme, C. gamsianum, and C. globisporum are currently known only from specific hosts, or have a restricted geographical distribution. A key to all species recognised within the C. cladosporioides complex is provided.
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              Families, genera, and species of Botryosphaeriales.

              Members of Botryosphaeriales are ecologically diverse, but most commonly associated with leaf spots, fruit and root rots, die-back or cankers of diverse woody hosts. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data, the Botryosphaeriales have to date been shown to contain eight families, with an additional two, Endomelanconiopsisaceae (Endomelanconiopsis) and Pseudofusicoccumaceae (Pseudofusicoccum) being newly described in this study. Furthermore, Oblongocollomyces is introduced as new genus, while Spencermartinsia is reduced to synonymy under Dothiorella. Novel species include Diplodia pyri (Pyrus sp., the Netherlands), Diplodia citricarpa (Citrus sp., Iran), Lasiodiplodia vitis (Vitis vinifera, Italy), L. sterculiae (Sterculia oblonga, Germany), Neofusicoccum pistaciarum (Pistacia vera, USA), N. buxi (Buxus sempervirens, France), N. stellenboschiana (Vitis vinifera, South Africa), and Saccharata hawaiiensis (Protea laurifolia, Hawaii). New combinations are also proposed for Camarosporium pistaciae (associated with fruit rot of Pistacia vera) in Neofusicoccum, and Sphaeria gallae (associated with galls of Quercus) in Diplodia. The combination of large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU)-rpb2 proved effective at delineating taxa at family and generic level. Furthermore, rpb2 also added additional resolution for species delimitation, in combination with ITS, tef1 and tub2. In this study we analysed 499 isolates, and produce an expanded phylogenetic backbone for Botryosphaeriales, which will help to delimit novelties at species, genus and family level in future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmfi
                Revista mexicana de fitopatología
                Rev. mex. fitopatol
                Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C. (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                0185-3309
                2007-8080
                2021
                : 39
                : 2
                : 329-338
                Affiliations
                [2] Tecámac Estado de México orgnameServicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria orgdiv1Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación México
                [1] Texcoco orgnameColegio de Postgraduados orgdiv1Postgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología Mexico
                [3] Texcoco orgnameCONSULCERT Asociados S.C. México
                Article
                S0185-33092021000200329 S0185-3309(21)03900200329
                10.18781/r.mex.fit.2101-3
                b8e75370-9a64-4174-8a48-ad8b843efc6f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 January 2021
                : 30 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Notas Fitopatológicas

                cladodes,Patogenicidad,Postulados de Koch,inoculación,cladodios,Pathogenicity,Koch’s postulates,inoculation

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