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      Prevalence of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and associated risk factors in Northeastern Brazil Translated title: [Prevalência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e fatores de risco associados em bezerros do Nordeste do Brasil]

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium spp. are zoonotic protozoa, frequently associated with diarrhea in calves, which are responsible for important economic losses. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. and its associated risk factors among calves raised in a milk production region of Northeastern Brazil. Fecal samples (n = 385) were obtained from young animals (up to ten months old) and evaluated by means of centrifugal fecal sedimentation in formalin-ether followed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. In addition, Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated to evaluate associations between variables and infection by these protozoa. Out of all samples analyzed, 25.7% (99/385) scored positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Contact with other species (goat and sheep) (OR = 3.33; p = 0.000), use of a semi-intensive rearing system (OR = 1.70; p = 0.024) and absence of hygienic conditions (fecal contamination of food and water) (OR = 1.64; p = 0.029) were considered to be risk factors. Data herein reported shows that the implementation of hygienic-sanitary measures on the farms studied, it is imperative to reduce Cryptosporidium spp. infection and consequently the economic impact caused by this pathogen.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Cryptosporidium spp. são protozoários zoonóticos frequentemente associados à diarreia em bezerros e responsáveis por importantes perdas econômicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em bezerros de propriedades leiteiras no Nordeste do Brasil. Amostras fecais (n = 385) foram obtidas de animais jovens (até 10 meses de idade) e avaliadas por centrífugo-sedimentação em formol éter, seguida da técnica de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada. A Odds Ratio (OR) foi calculada para avaliar a associação entre variáveis e infecção pelos protozoários. De todas as amostras analisadas, 25,7% (99/385) apresentaram oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. Contato com outras espécies (caprino e ovino) (OR = 3,33; p = 0,000), sistema semi-intensivo de criação (OR = 1,70; p = 0,024) e ausência de condições higiênicas (contaminação fecal do alimento e da água) (OR = 1,64; p = 0,029) foram considerados fatores de risco. Com base nos resultados, é imprescindível a adoção de medidas higiênico-sanitárias nas fazendas estudadas, a fim de reduzir infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e o impacto econômico causado por esse patógeno.

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          Most cited references31

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          Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification.

          There are 10 valid species of Cryptosporidium and perhaps other cryptic species hidden under the umbrella of Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocyst stage is of primary importance for the dispersal, survival, and infectivity of the parasite and is of major importance for detection and identification. Because most oocysts measure 4-6 microm, appear nearly spherical, and have obscure internal structures, there are few or no morphometric features to differentiate species and in vitro cultivation does not provide differential data as for bacteria. Consequently, we rely on a combination of data from three tools: morphometrics, molecular techniques, and host specificity. Of 152 species of mammals reported to be infected with C. parvum or an indistinguishable organism, very few oocysts have ever been examined using more than one of these tools. This paper reviews the valid species of Cryptosporidium, their hosts and morphometrics; the reported hosts for the human pathogen, C. parvum; the mechanisms of transmission; the drinking water, recreational water, and food-borne outbreaks resulting from infection with C. parvum; and the microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods used to detect and identify species and genotypes.
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            Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission.

            The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.
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              Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies

              Gastrointestinal disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. Infected animals may suffer from profuse watery diarrhoea, dehydration and in severe cases death can occur. At present, effective therapeutic and preventative measures are not available and a better understanding of the host–pathogen interactions is required. Cryptosporidium parvum is also an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe disease in people, with young children being particularly vulnerable. Our knowledge of the immune responses induced by Cryptosporidium parasites in clinically relevant hosts is very limited. This review discusses the impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis and describes how a thorough understanding of the host–pathogen interactions may help to identify novel prevention and control strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abmvz
                Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
                Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
                Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil )
                0102-0935
                1678-4162
                February 2021
                : 73
                : 1
                : 34-40
                Affiliations
                [3] Recife Pernambuco orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Brazil
                [5] Garanhuns PE orgnameUniversidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco Brazil
                [2] Garanhuns orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco orgdiv1Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns Brazil
                [1] Garanhuns PE orgnameUniversidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco Brazil
                [4] Recife Pernambuco orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Brazil
                Article
                S0102-09352021000100034 S0102-0935(21)07300100034
                10.1590/1678-4162-12109
                b8ad7d74-57c0-41cb-8a6f-4c7753e08000

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 June 2020
                : 14 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Veterinary Medicine

                calves,risk factors,protozoan,bezerros,Cryptosporidium spp,protozoários,fatores de risco

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