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      Does Sleep Selectively Strengthen Certain Memories Over Others Based on Emotion and Perceived Future Relevance?

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          Abstract

          Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.

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          Most cited references147

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          Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience.

          A study with low statistical power has a reduced chance of detecting a true effect, but it is less well appreciated that low power also reduces the likelihood that a statistically significant result reflects a true effect. Here, we show that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low. The consequences of this include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results. There are also ethical dimensions to this problem, as unreliable research is inefficient and wasteful. Improving reproducibility in neuroscience is a key priority and requires attention to well-established but often ignored methodological principles.
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            PSYCHOLOGY. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science.

            Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.
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              About sleep's role in memory.

              Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nat Sci Sleep
                Nat Sci Sleep
                nss
                nss
                Nature and Science of Sleep
                Dove
                1179-1608
                24 July 2021
                2021
                : 13
                : 1257-1306
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, USA
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
                [4 ]School of Education and Environment, Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University , Kristianstad, Sweden
                [5 ]Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Charlestown, MA, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Per Davidson Email per.davidson@psy.lu.se
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-9862
                Article
                286701
                10.2147/NSS.S286701
                8318217
                34335065
                b8369b19-6b6d-4936-8bbe-722571e4e458
                © 2021 Davidson et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 14 October 2020
                : 24 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 148, Pages: 50
                Funding
                Funded by: the Swedish Research Council;
                Per Davidson is supported by a grant from the Swedish Research Council (Grant# 2017-06383). Edward Pace-Schott is supported by NIH/NIMH R21MH121832. Open Access funding was provided by Lund University and the Helge Ax:son Johnson Foundation.
                Categories
                Review

                sleep,memory,emotion,rem sleep,consolidation,forgetting
                sleep, memory, emotion, rem sleep, consolidation, forgetting

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