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      Magnetic Polymer Composite Particles: Design and Magnetorheology

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          Abstract

          As a family of smart functional hybrid materials, magnetic polymer composite particles have attracted considerable attention owing to their outstanding magnetism, dispersion stability, and fine biocompatibility. This review covers their magnetorheological properties, namely, flow curve, yield stress, and viscoelastic behavior, along with their synthesis. Preparation methods and characteristics of different types of magnetic composite particles are presented. Apart from the research progress in magnetic polymer composite synthesis, we also discuss prospects of this promising research field.

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          Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

          Shao-Yun Fu, Xi-Qiao Feng, Bernd Lauke … (2008)
          Article 0 comments Cited 411 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery.

            Conroy Sun, Hsueh Ni Lee, Conroy Sun … (2008)
            Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess unique magnetic properties and the ability to function at the cellular and molecular level of biological interactions making them an attractive platform as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as carriers for drug delivery. Recent advances in nanotechnology have improved the ability to specifically tailor the features and properties of MNPs for these biomedical applications. To better address specific clinical needs, MNPs with higher magnetic moments, non-fouling surfaces, and increased functionalities are now being developed for applications in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant tumors, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disease. Through the incorporation of highly specific targeting agents and other functional ligands, such as fluorophores and permeation enhancers, the applicability and efficacy of these MNPs have greatly increased. This review provides a background on applications of MNPs as MR imaging contrast agents and as carriers for drug delivery and an overview of the recent developments in this area of research.
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              Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics.

              Veronica Shubayev, Thomas Pisanic, Sungho Jin (2009)
              Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge tool in medicine because they can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field. Use of MNPs has advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), guided drug and gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy, tissue engineering, cell tracking and bioseparation. Integrative therapeutic and diagnostic (i.e., theragnostic) applications have emerged with MNP use, such as MRI-guided cell replacement therapy or MRI-based imaging of cancer-specific gene delivery. However, mounting evidence suggests that certain properties of nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell and tissue barriers, resistance to biodegradation) amplify their cytotoxic potential relative to molecular or bulk counterparts. Oxidative stress, a 3-tier paradigm of nanotoxicity, manifests in activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (tier I), followed by a proinflammatory response (tier II) and DNA damage leading to cellular apoptosis and mutagenesis (tier III). Invivo administered MNPs are quickly challenged by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in not only neutralization of potential MNP toxicity but also reduced circulation time necessary for MNP efficacy. We discuss the role of MNP size, composition and surface chemistry in their intracellular uptake, biodistribution, macrophage recognition and cytotoxicity, and review current studies on MNP toxicity, caveats of nanotoxicity assessments and engineering strategies to optimize MNPs for biomedical use.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Elena Kramarenko: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Polymers (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Polymers (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): polymers
                Title: Polymers
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4360
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: February 2021
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 512
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; 22192255@ 123456inha.edu
                [2 ]Program of Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; kisuk929@ 123456skku.edu (K.C.); jdnam@ 123456skku.edu (J.-D.N.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hjchoi@ 123456inha.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-32-860-7486
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-4882
                Article
                Publisher ID: polymers-13-00512
                DOI: 10.3390/polym13040512
                PMC ID: 7915058
                PubMed ID: 33567794
                SO-VID: b778316d-6746-4267-89b7-d56ecb113d75
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 11 January 2021
                Date accepted : 01 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: magnetic polymer composite,magnetorheological,smart fluid
                Data availability:
                Keywords: magnetic polymer composite, magnetorheological, smart fluid

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