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      Breast Cancer Risk From Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors among Women in Southeast Asia: A Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          The aim of this study was to determine breast cancer risk from modifiable and non-modifiable factors among women in Southeast Asia.

          Methods:

          This meta-analysis was performed on research articles on breast cancer risk factors in PubMed, ProQuest and EBSCO databases published between 1997 and October 2017. Pooled odds ratios (OR) are calculated using fixed and random-effect models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3).

          Results:

          From a total of 1,211 articles, 15 studies (1 cohort and 14 case control studies) met the criteria for systematic review. Meta-analysis results showed that of the known modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, parity (nulipara) had the highest odd ratio (OR = 1.85 [95% CI 1.47-2.32]) followed by body mass index (overweight) (OR = 1.61 [95% CI 1.43-1.80]) and use of oral contraceptives (OR = 1.27 [95% CI 1.07-1.51]). Of non-modifiable risk factors, family history of breast cancer had the highest odd ratio (OR = 2.53 [95% CI 1.25-5.09]), followed by age (≥ 40 years) (OR = 1.53 [95% CI 1.34-1.76]) and menopausal status (OR = 1.44 [95% CI 1.26-1.65]).

          Conclusion:

          This analysis confirmed associations between both modifiable risk factors (parity, body mass index and use of oral contraceptives) and non-modifiable risk factors (family history of breast cancer, age and menopausal status) with breast cancer.

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          Most cited references31

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          Elevated cyclin B2 expression in invasive breast carcinoma is associated with unfavorable clinical outcome

          Emman Shubbar, Anikó Kovács, Shahin Hajizadeh … (2013)
          Background Breast cancer is a potentially fatal malignancy in females despite the improvement in therapeutic techniques. The identification of novel molecular signatures is needed for earlier detection, monitoring effects of treatment, and predicting prognosis. We have previously used microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed genes in aggressive breast tumors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of the candidate biomarkers CCNB2, ASPM, CDCA7, KIAA0101, and SLC27A2 in breast cancer. Methods The expression levels and subcellular localization of the CCNB2, ASPM, CDCA7, KIAA0101, and SLC27A2 proteins were measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a panel of 80 primary invasive breast tumors. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of CCNB2, KIAA0101, and SLC27A2 were subsequently examined by qRT-PCR to validate IHC results. Patient disease-specific survival (DSS) was evaluated in correlation to protein levels using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine the impact of aberrant protein expression of the candidate biomarkers on patient DSS and to estimate the hazard ratio at 8-year follow-up. Results Elevated cytoplasmic CCNB2 protein levels were strongly associated with short-term disease-specific survival of breast cancer patients (≤ 8 years; P<0.001) and with histological tumor type (P= 0.04). However, no association with other clinicopathological parameters was observed. Multivariate Cox regression analysis specified that CCNB2 protein expression is an independent prognostic marker of DSS in breast cancer. The predictive ability of several classical clinicopathological parameters was improved when used in conjunction with CCNB2 protein expression (C-index = 0.795) in comparison with a model without CCNB2 expression (C-index = 0.698). The protein levels of ASPM, CDCA7, KIAA0101, and SLC27A2 did not correlate with any clinicopathological parameter and had no influence on DSS. However, a significant correlation between the expression of the CCNB2 and ASPM proteins was detected (P = 0.03). Conclusion These findings suggest that cytoplasmic CCNB2 may function as an oncogene and could serve as a potential biomarker of unfavorable prognosis over short-term follow-up in breast cancer.
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            Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer.

            M. Clemons, P. Goss (2001)
            Article 0 comments Cited 180 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer.

              Suzanne G Folger, Scott Wilson, Janet R Daling … (2002)
              It is uncertain whether the use of an oral contraceptive increases the risk of breast cancer later in life, when the incidence of breast cancer is increased. We conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine the risk of breast cancer among former and current users of oral contraceptives. We interviewed women who were 35 to 64 years old. A total of 4575 women with breast cancer and 4682 controls were interviewed. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios as estimates of the relative risk (incidence-density ratios) of breast cancer. The relative risk was 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.3) for women who were currently using oral contraceptives and 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.0) for those who had previously used them. The relative risk did not increase consistently with longer periods of use or with higher doses of estrogen. The results were similar among white and black women. Use of oral contraceptives by women with a family history of breast cancer was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, nor was the initiation of oral-contraceptive use at a young age. Among women from 35 to 64 years of age, current or former oral-contraceptive use was not associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer.
              Article 0 comments Cited 76 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev
                Title: Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP
                Publisher: West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 1513-7368
                ISSN (Electronic): 2476-762X
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 3201-3206
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Doctoral Program, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
                [2 ] Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
                Author notes
                [* ] For Correspondence: ricvandana7@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: APJCP-18-3201
                DOI: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.12.3201
                PMC ID: 5980871
                PubMed ID: 29281867
                SO-VID: b69d7798-5396-46d8-a28e-7f34c0ba782b
                Copyright © Copyright: © Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: breast cancer,risk factors,southeast asia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: breast cancer, risk factors, southeast asia

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