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      Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer in Japan and China Translated title: 日本と中国における食道がんの疫学

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          Abstract

          In preparation for a collaborative multidisciplinary study of the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer, the authors reviewed the published literature to identify similarities and differences between Japan and China in esophageal cancer epidemiology. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant histologic type, while the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma remains extremely low in both countries. Numerous epidemiologic studies in both countries show that alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are contributing risk factors for ESCC. There are differences, however, in many aspects of esophageal cancer between Japan and China, including cancer burden, patterns of incidence and mortality, sex ratio of mortality, risk factor profiles, and genetic variants. Overall incidence and mortality rates are higher in China than in Japan, and variation in mortality and incidence patterns is greater in China than in Japan. During the study period (1987–2000), the decline in age-adjusted mortality rates was more apparent in China than in Japan. Risk factor profiles differed between high- and low-incidence areas within China, but not in Japan. The association of smoking and drinking with ESCC risk appears to be weaker in China than in Japan. Genome-wide association studies in China showed that variants in several chromosome regions conferred increased risk, but only genetic variants in alcohol-metabolizing genes were significantly associated with ESCC risk in Japan. A well-designed multidisciplinary epidemiologic study is needed to examine the role of diet and eating habits in ESCC risk.

          Translated abstract

          食道がんの発生要因の解明を目的とした日中共同研究を実施するために、著者らは日本と中国で発表されている食道がん疫学文献をレビューした。組織型では日中両国とも扁平上皮がんが圧倒的に多く、腺がんの頻度が非常に低い。両国で行われた多くの研究によると、喫煙と飲酒が最も重要なリスク要因であることは一致している。しかし、がんによる負担、罹患率や死亡率、死亡の男女比、リスク要因、遺伝的感受性などの点において違いが認められる。全体に日本より中国の食道がん罹患率及び死亡率が高く、地域による罹患率及び死亡率の差も大きい。1987年から2000年までの年齢調整死亡率の低下は、日本より中国のほうが大きかった。中国では、リスク要因は多発地域と低発地域とでは異なるが、日本では地域によるリスク要因の違いが報告されていない。中国では飲酒と喫煙と食道がんとの関連が日本より強くない傾向がある。中国で実施されたゲノムワイド関連分析から幾つかの染色体のregionが感受性と関連すると報告しているのに対し、日本ではアルコール代謝関連遺伝子多型がリスクと有意に関連すると報告している。食事や食習慣の影響については学際的研究による検討が必要である。

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          Most cited references58

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          Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China.

          Esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rates in Linxian, China are among the highest in the world. We examined risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), gastric cardia cancer (GCC), and gastric noncardia cancer (GNCC) in a population-based, prospective study of 29,584 adults who participated in the Linxian General Population Trial. All study participants completed a baseline questionnaire that included questions on demographic characteristics, personal and family history of disease, and lifestyle factors. After 15 years of follow-up, a total of 3,410 incident upper gastrointestinal cancers were identified, including 1,958 ESCC, 1,089 GCC and 363 GNCC. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risks. Increased age and a positive family history of esophageal cancer (including ESCC or GCC) were significantly associated with risk at all 3 cancer sites. Additional risk factors for ESCC included being born in Linxian, increased height, cigarette smoking and pipe smoking; for GCC, male gender, consumption of moldy breads and pipe smoking; and for GNCC, male gender and cigarette smoking. Protective factors for ESCC included formal education, water piped into the home, increased consumption of meat, eggs and fresh fruits and increased BMI; for GCC, formal education, water piped into the home, increased consumption of eggs and fresh fruits and alcohol consumption; and for GNCC, increased weight and BMI. General socioeconomic status (SES) is a common denominator in many of these factors and improving SES is a promising approach for reducing the tremendous burden of upper gastrointestinal cancers in Linxian.
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            Prevalence of smoking in China in 2010.

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              Genome-wide association studies of gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identify a shared susceptibility locus in PLCE1 at 10q23

              We conducted a genome-wide association study of gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in ethnic Chinese subjects in which we genotyped 551,152 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We report a combined analysis of 2,240 GC cases, 2,115 ESCC cases, and 3,302 controls drawn from five studies. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and study, multiple variants at 10q23 had genome-wide significance for GC and ESCC independently. A notable signal was rs2274223, a nonsynonymous SNP located in PLCE1, for GC (P=8.40×10−9; per allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.31) and ESCC (P=3.85×10−9; OR = 1.34). The association with GC differed by anatomic subsite. For tumors located in the cardia the association was stronger (P=4.19 × 10−15; OR= 1.57) and for those located in the noncardia stomach it was absent (P=0.44; OR=1.05). Our findings at 10q23 could provide insight into the high incidence rates of both cancers in China.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Epidemiol
                J Epidemiol
                JE
                Journal of Epidemiology
                Japan Epidemiological Association
                0917-5040
                1349-9092
                5 July 2013
                27 April 2013
                2013
                : 23
                : 4
                : 233-242
                Affiliations
                [01] [1 ]Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan [1 ]愛知医科大学医学部公衆衛生学
                [02] [2 ]Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan [2 ]国立がん研究センター、発がんシステム研究分野
                [03] [3 ]The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Cancer Institute, Shijiazhuang, China [3 ]河北医科大学第四医院・河北腫瘤研究所
                [04] [4 ]Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China [4 ]中国医学科学院腫瘤医院
                [05] [5 ]Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan [5 ]国立がん研究センター、がん予防・検診研究センター
                [06] [6 ]AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan [6 ]東京大学大学院医学系研究科、健康と人間の安全保障(AXA)寄附講座
                [07] [7 ]Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan [7 ]愛知県がんセンター研究所、疫学予防部
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence. Yingsong Lin, Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan (e-mail: linys@ 123456aichi-med-u.ac.jp ).
                Article
                JE20120162
                10.2188/jea.JE20120162
                3709543
                23629646
                b68b1e2b-5317-45fa-81d0-4f90bcae4689
                © 2013 Japan Epidemiological Association.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 September 2012
                : 5 February 2013
                Categories
                Review Article

                esophageal cancer,epidemiology,risk factor
                esophageal cancer, epidemiology, risk factor

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