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      Mineral–Soil–Plant–Nutrient Synergisms of Enhanced Weathering for Agriculture: Short-Term Investigations Using Fast-Weathering Wollastonite Skarn

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          Abstract

          Enhanced weathering is a proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy to accelerate natural carbon sequestration in soils via the amendment of silicate rocks to agricultural soils. Among the suitable silicates (such as basalt and olivine), the fast-weathering mineral wollastonite (CaSiO 3) stands out. Not only does the use of wollastonite lead to rapid pedogenic carbonate formation in soils, it can be readily detected for verification of carbon sequestration, but its weathering within weeks to months influences soil chemistry and plant growth within the same crop cycle of its application. This enables a variety of short-term experimental agronomic studies to be conducted to demonstrate in an accelerated manner what could take years to be observed with more abundant but slower weathering silicates. This study presents the results of three studies that were conducted to investigate three distinct aspects of wollastonite skarn weathering in soils in the context of both agricultural and horticultural plants. The first study investigated the effect of a wide range of wollastonite skarn dosages in soil (1.5–10 wt.%) on the growth of green beans. The second study provides insights on the role of silicon (Si) release during silicate weathering on plant growth (soybeans and lettuce). The third study investigated the effect of wollastonite skarn on the growth of spring rye when added to soil alongside a nitrogen-based coated fertilizer. The results of these three studies provide further evidence that amending soil with crushed silicate rocks leads to climate-smart farming, resulting in inorganic carbon sequestration, as well as better plant growth in agricultural (soybean and spring rye) and horticultural (green bean and lettuce) crops. They also demonstrate the value of working with wollastonite skarn as a fast-weathering silicate rock to accelerate our understanding of the mineral–soil–plant–nutrient synergism of enhanced weathering.

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          SILICON.

          Silicon is present in plants in amounts equivalent to those of such macronutrient elements as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and in grasses often at higher levels than any other inorganic constituent. Yet except for certain algae, including prominently the diatoms, and the Equisetaceae (horsetails or scouring rushes), it is not considered an essential element for plants. As a result it is routinely omitted from formulations of culture solutions and considered a nonentity in much of plant physiological research. But silicon-deprived plants grown in conventional nutrient solutions to which silicon has not been added are in many ways experimental artifacts. They are often structurally weaker than silicon-replete plants, abnormal in growth, development, viability, and reproduction, more susceptible to such abiotic stresses as metal toxicities, and easier prey to disease organisms and to herbivores ranging from phytophagous insects to mammals. Many of these same conditions afflict plants in silicon-poor soils-and there are such. Taken together, the evidence is overwhelming that silicon should be included among the elements having a major bearing on plant life.
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            A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds

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              Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy-precipitation and high-temperature extremes

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                22 July 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 929457
                Affiliations
                School of Engineering, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON, Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Anoop Kumar Srivastava, Central Citrus Research Institute (ICAR), India

                Reviewed by: M. S. S. Nagaraju, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR), India; Jeyabaskaran Kandallu Jayaraman, ICAR National Research Centre for Banana, India

                *Correspondence: Yi Wai Chiang chiange@ 123456uoguelph.ca

                This article was submitted to Plant Nutrition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2022.929457
                9353033
                35937370
                b670f706-52a7-4672-a863-577a9f76d5ae
                Copyright © 2022 Jariwala, Haque, Vanderburgt, Santos and Chiang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 28 April 2022
                : 15 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 2, Equations: 3, References: 67, Pages: 15, Words: 10401
                Funding
                Funded by: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, doi 10.13039/501100000094;
                Funded by: Ontario Agri-Food Innovation Alliance, doi 10.13039/501100015516;
                Funded by: Canada First Research Excellence Fund, doi 10.13039/501100010785;
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                enhanced rock weathering,isosilicate mineral,carbon-negative liming agent,soil carbon,negative emissions,calcimetry

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