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      The concept of cooking skills: A review with contributions to the scientific debate Translated title: O conceito de habilidades culinárias. uma revisão com contribuições ao debate científico

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT This paper aimed to conduct a literature review about the concept of cooking skills to contribute to the scientific debate about the subject. A systematic search was performed in the Scopus, PubMed/MedLine and Web of Science databases as well as the periodicals of the Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education in Brazil Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior website, using the following Portuguese and English keywords: cooking skills, cooking and food/meal preparation. We also consulted references cited by these papers, electronic dictionaries (in Portuguese, English and French), technical documents found on public and private institutional websites, as well as books. Basic, etymological/vernacular and systematic definitions for cooking were identified, including historical global and national contexts. To conceptualize cooking skills, categories related to food and individuals were established, purposing a conceptual model. The category related to food referred to the use of unprocessed/minimal processed foods (which require procedures prior to their preparation), and/or processed/ultra-processed foods (which need a little or no preparation, such as re-heating). The category related to individuals involved dimensions such as confidence, attitudes, behavior, and individual knowledge used to prepare foods. The historical definitions of cooking allowed us to clarify the concept of cooking skills. Considering the global context of valuing and recovering cooking for the promotion of healthy eating, this review can contribute to the scientific discussion about the concept of cooking skills. The purposed conceptual model enables parameters to be established for further investigations, allowing cooking interventions to be directed toward promoting healthy eating.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO O objetivo do artigo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o conceito de habilidades culinárias, a fim de contribuir para o debate científico sobre o tema. Foi realizada busca sistemática de artigos nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science e portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior, utilizando os seguintes descritores em português e inglês: habilidades culinárias, culinária, preparo dos alimentos/das refeições. Consultaram-se ainda referências citadas por esses artigos, dicionários eletrônicos (nos idiomas português, inglês e francês), documentos técnicos capturados em sites institucionais públicos ou privados, bem como livros. Identificaram-se definições para culinária denominadas como básicas, etimológicas/vernáculas e sistemáticas, incluindo um resgate histórico da culinária no contexto mundial e no Brasil. Para conceituar habilidades culinárias, foram estabelecidas categorias relacionadas aos alimentos e aos indivíduos, propondo-se um modelo conceitual. A categoria relacionada aos alimentos refere-se ao uso de alimentos in natura/minimamente processados (que requerem procedimentos prévios ao seu preparo), e/ou processados/ultraprocessados (que requerem pouco ou nenhum preparo, como reaquecimento). A categoria relacionada aos indivíduos envolveu dimensões como confiança, atitude, comportamento e conhecimentos individuais empregados para preparar os alimentos. As definições históricas de culinária permitiram elucidar o conceito de habilidades culinárias. Considerando o contexto mundial de valorização e resgate da culinária na promoção da alimentação saudável, essa revisão pode contribuir para o debate científico em torno do conceito de habilidades culinárias. O modelo conceitual proposto possibilita estabelecer parâmetros para avaliação em futuras investigações, permitindo direcionar intervenções culinárias para promoção da alimentação saudável.

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          Most cited references39

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          Importance of cooking skills for balanced food choices.

          A cooking skill scale was developed to measure cooking skills in a European adult population, and the relationship between cooking skills and the frequency of consumption of various food groups were examined. Moreover, it was determined which sociodemographic and psychological variables predict cooking skills. The data used in the present study are based on the first (2010) and second (2011) surveys of a yearly paper-and-pencil questionnaire (Swiss Food Panel). Data from 4436 participants (47.2% males) with a mean age of 55.5 years (SD=14.6, range 21-99) were available for analysis. The cooking skills scale was validated using a test-retest analysis, confirming that this new scale is a reliable and consistent instrument. Cooking enjoyment was the most important predictor for cooking skills, especially for men. Women had higher cooking skills in all age groups. Cooking skills correlated positively with weekly vegetable consumption, but negatively with weekly convenience food consumption frequency, even while holding the effect of health consciousness related to eating constant. In summary, cooking skills may help people to meet nutrition guidelines in their daily nutrition supply. They allow people to make healthier food choices. It is, therefore, important to teach children and teenagers how to cook and to encourage them to develop their cooking skills. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The state of cooking in England: the relationship of cooking skills to food choice

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              What does cooking mean to you?: Perceptions of cooking and factors related to cooking behavior.

              Despite the importance of cooking in American life and evidence suggesting that meals cooked at home are healthier, little is known about perceptions of what it means to cook in the United States. The objective of this study was to describe perceptions of cooking and factors important to how cooking is perceived and practiced among American adults. Seven focus groups (N = 53; 39 female; 35 Black, 16 White, 2 Asian) were conducted from November 2014 to January 2015 in Baltimore City, Maryland. Participants were recruited from two neighborhoods; one with higher median income and access to healthy food and the other with lower income and low access to healthy food. Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Participants' perceptions of cooking varied considerably, regardless of neighborhood income or food access, and spanned a continuum from all scratch cooking to anything made at home. Perceptions of cooking incorporated considerations of whether or how food was heated and the degree of time, effort and love involved if convenience foods were used. Key barriers to cooking included affordability, lack of time, and lack of enjoyment. Key facilitators of frequent cooking included extensive organization and time management to enable participants to incorporate cooking into their daily lives. Cooking is a complex concept and not uniformly understood. Efforts to encourage healthy cooking at home should consider the broad spectrum of activities Americans recognize as cooking as well as the barriers and facilitators to preparing food at home. Public health messages to encourage more frequent cooking should account for the heterogeneity in perspectives about cooking. More research should explore differences in perceptions about cooking in other diverse populations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rn
                Revista de Nutrição
                Rev. Nutr.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1415-5273
                1678-9865
                February 2018
                : 31
                : 1
                : 119-135
                Affiliations
                [01] Florianópolis Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição orgdiv2Núcleo de Pesquisas de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições Brazil rossana.costa@ 123456ufsc.br
                Article
                S1415-52732018000100119
                10.1590/1678-98652018000100010
                b64295cf-fdda-43d1-bd5f-1e058ac5af16

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 November 2016
                : 25 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Meals,Convenience foods,Dietetics,Food handling,Culinária,Dietética,Manipulação de alimentos,Fast foods,Refeições,Cooking

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