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      Inibidores de tirosino quinase na leucemia mieloide crônica Translated title: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia

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          Abstract

          A leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) é uma neoplasia da medula óssea originada da translocação entre os cromossomos 9 e 22 t(9:22)(q34;11) e forma o gene híbrido BCR-ABL, que possui intensa atividade tirosino quinase, sendo responsável pela proliferação das células tumorais. Um grande avanço no tratamento da LMC foi conquistado com o surgimento dos inibidores da tirosino quinase, entre eles o imatinibe, que vem demonstrando ser efetivo na maior parte dos pacientes com LMC por apresentar respostas duradouras. Entretanto, há pacientes resistentes ou que desenvolvem resistência durante o tratamento com esta droga; sendo assim, inibidores de tirosino quinase de segunda geração, como o dasatinibe e o nilotinibe, foram desenvolvidos apresentando maior potência com a finalidade de diminuir a chance de desenvolvimento de resistência. O bosutinibe e o INNO-406 estão sendo estudados para atender pacientes resistentes às drogas anteriormente citadas e também com a finalidade de diminuir efeitos colaterais das mesmas; entretanto, eles ainda estão em fase clínica de estudo. Há ainda outras drogas inibidoras da tirosino quinase que estão em desenvolvimento na fase clínica ou pré-clínica. A partir do desenvolvimento destas novas drogas, múltiplas opções de tratamento para os pacientes com LMC poderão ser propostas, podendo, desta forma, individualizar o tratamento de acordo com o que cada paciente necessita. Este estudo visa descrever as drogas antineoplásicas que têm como mecanismo de ação a inibição da enzima tirosino quinase na LMC.

          Translated abstract

          Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a neoplastic transformation of the hematopoietic system resulting from a t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation forming a BCR-ABL hybrid gene which has intense enzyme tyrosine kinase activity responsible for the proliferation of tumor cells. A dramatic positive response was achieved in CML patients with imatinib. This drug is effective in most patients because it presents long-lasting responses. However, some patients are resistant or develop resistance during treatment, particularly in the late-stage disease, thus second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib and nilotinib were developed to reduce the risk of developing resistance. Bosutinib and INNO-406 are being developed to treat resistant patients and also to reduce the side effects of the aforementioned drugs. Additionally, novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors are in clinical or preclinical development stages. In the future, multiple treatment options will be available for patients with CML, with the possibility to individualize the treatment according to the needs of each patient. In the current study we describe antineoplastic drugs that act as tyrosine kinase enzyme inhibitors in CML.

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          Most cited references31

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          The structure of Dasatinib (BMS-354825) bound to activated ABL kinase domain elucidates its inhibitory activity against imatinib-resistant ABL mutants.

          Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the constitutively activated tyrosine kinase breakpoint cluster (BCR)-ABL. Current frontline therapy for CML is imatinib, an inhibitor of BCR-ABL. Although imatinib has a high rate of clinical success in early phase CML, treatment resistance is problematic, particularly in later stages of the disease, and is frequently mediated by mutations in BCR-ABL. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets oncogenic pathways and is a more potent inhibitor than imatinib against wild-type BCR-ABL. It has also shown preclinical activity against all but one of the imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutants tested to date. Analysis of the crystal structure of dasatinib-bound ABL kinase suggests that the increased binding affinity of dasatinib over imatinib is at least partially due to its ability to recognize multiple states of BCR-ABL. The structure also provides an explanation for the activity of dasatinib against imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutants.
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            In vitro and in vivo activity of SKI-606, a novel Src-Abl inhibitor, against imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl+ neoplastic cells.

            Resistance to imatinib represents an important scientific and clinical issue in chronic myelogenous leukemia. In the present study, the effects of the novel inhibitor SKI-606 on various models of resistance to imatinib were studied. SKI-606 proved to be an active inhibitor of Bcr-Abl in several chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines and transfectants, with IC(50) values in the low nanomolar range, 1 to 2 logs lower than those obtained with imatinib. Cells expressing activated forms of KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), two additional targets of imatinib, were unaffected by SKI-606, whereas activity was found against PIM2. SKI-606 retained activity in cells where resistance to imatinib was caused by BCR-ABL gene amplification and in three of four Bcr-Abl point mutants tested. In vivo experiments confirmed SKI-606 activity in models where resistance was not caused by mutations as well as in cells carrying the Y253F, E255K, and D276G mutations. Modeling considerations attribute the superior activity of SKI-606 to its ability to bind a conformation of Bcr-Abl different from imatinib.
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              MK-0457, a novel kinase inhibitor, is active in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia with the T315I BCR-ABL mutation.

              MK-0457 (VX-680) is a small-molecule aurora kinase (AK) inhibitor with preclinical antileukemia activity. The T315I BCR-ABL mutation mediates resistance to imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib. MK-0457 has in vitro activity against cells expressing wild-type or mutated BCR-ABL, including the T315I BCR-ABL mutation. Three patients with T315I abl-mutated chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) have achieved clinical responses to doses of MK-04547 that are not associated with adverse events. Higher MK-0457 dose levels were associated with clinical responses and down-regulation of CrkL phosphorylation in leukemia cells. The possible role of AK inhibition in these clinical responses requires further investigation. The currently reported cases are the first observed clinical activity of a kinase inhibitor against the T315I phenotype. The observation of responses in 3 patients with T315I phenotype-refractory CML or Ph-positive ALL, at doses of MK-0457 associated with no significant extramedullary toxicity, is very encouraging.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbhh
                Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia
                Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter.
                Associação Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular (São Paulo )
                1806-0870
                2009
                : 31
                : 6
                : 449-453
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Uberaba Brazil
                Article
                S1516-84842009000600014
                10.1590/S1516-84842009005000089
                b61114ed-3327-4f14-ba55-854acd84ecb8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-8484&lng=en
                Categories
                HEMATOLOGY
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL

                Medicine,Hematology
                Tyrosine kinase,chronic myeloid leukemia,therapy,Tirosino quinase,leucemia mieloide crônica,tratamento

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