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      Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.: Optimization by Box-Behnken design (BBD)

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          Abstract

          Usnic acid (UA) was extracted from Usnea longissima (L.) Ach. in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2) medium. The selected process parameters were extraction temperature (35–45 °C), amount of co-solvent (0%–5%) and extraction time (5–9 h). These parameters were applied to Box-Behnken design (BBD) belonging to response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimum process parameters for the highest amount of UA in the extract. g UA/100g lichen, extraction yield % and UA content values were calculated in the range of 0.045–0.317, 2.77–5.4 and 71%–82% in different experimental conditions, respectively. The optimum conditions were predicted as 42 °C, 4.3% (ethanol) and 7.48 h. It was determined that the predicted and experimental values of g UA/100g lichen were compatible, and the suggested model was valid.

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          Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of plant phytochemicals for biological and environmental applications – A review

          Thanigaivelan Arumugham, Rambabu K., Shadi Hasan … (2021)
          Recently, supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (SFE) has emerged as a promising and pervasive technology over conventional extraction techniques for various applications, especially for bioactive compounds extraction and environmental pollutants removal. In this context, temperature and pressure regulate the solvent density and thereby effects the yield, selectivity, and biological/therapeutic properties of the extracted components. However, the nature of plant matrices primarily determines the extraction mechanism based on either density or vapor pressure. The present review aims to cover the recent research and developments of SFE technique in the extraction of bioactive plant phytochemicals with high antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities, influencing parameters, process conditions, the investigations for improving the yield and selectivity. In another portion of this review focuses on the ecotoxicology and toxic metal recovery applications. Nonpolar properties of Sc-CO2 create strong solvent strength via distinct intermolecular interaction forces with micro-pollutants and toxic metal complexes. This results in efficient removal of these contaminants and makes SFE technology as a superior alternative for conventional solvent-based treatment methods. Moreover, a compelling assessment on the therapeutic, functional, and solvent properties of SFE is rarely focused, and hence this review would add significant value to the SFE based research studies. Furthermore, we mention the limitations and potential of future perspectives related to SFE applications.
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            Supercritical fluid extraction of seed oils – A short review of current trends

            Hossein Ahangari, Jerry W. King, Ali Ehsani … (2021)
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              Evaluation of Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of a Commercially Available CO2 Supercritical Extract of Old Man’s Beard (Usnea barbata)

              Ana Zugic, Ivica Jeremic, Aleksandra Isaković … (2016)
              There is a worldwide ongoing investigation for novel natural constituents with cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate chemical profile and stated biological activities of the supercritical CO2 extract (SCE) of old man’s beard compared to the extracts obtained using the conventional techniques (Soxhlet extracts and macerate). The most abundant compound identified was usnic acid, which content was inversely proportional to the polarity of the solvent used and was the highest in the SCE, which was the sample revealing the highest cytotoxic activity in tested tumor cell lines (B16 mouse melanoma and C6 rat glioma), with lower IC50 values compared to pure usnic acid. Further investigations suggested both SCE and usnic acid to induce apoptosis and/or autophagy in B16 and C6, indicating higher cytotoxicity of SCE to be related to the higher degree of ROS production. A good correlation of usnic acid content in the extracts and their antioxidant capacity was established, extricating SCE as the most active one. Presented results support further investigations of SCE of old man’s beard as a prospective therapeutic agent with potential relevance in the treatment of cancer and/or in oxidative stress-mediated conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Turk J Chem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Turk J Chem
                Title: Turkish Journal of Chemistry
                Publisher: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
                ISSN (Print): 1300-0527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1303-6130
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 August 2021
                Volume: 45
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 1248-1256
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Tandoğan, Ankara Turkey
                [2 ] Department of Biology, Ankara University, Ankara Turkey
                Author notes
                * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nyildiz@ 123456eng.ankara.edu.tr

                CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

                none declared

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-953X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4537-6330
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-7082
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-9199
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2428-3474
                Article
                DOI: 10.3906/kim-2102-66
                PMC ID: 8517611
                SO-VID: b5fab20e-53fd-4456-a515-b747da2124be
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 The Author(s)
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 25 February 2021
                Date accepted : 21 May 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: usnea longissima (l.) ach.,usnic acid (ua),supercritical extraction,9response surface methodology (rsm)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: usnea longissima (l.) ach., usnic acid (ua), supercritical extraction, 9response surface methodology (rsm)

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