Roadmap on wavefront shaping and deep imaging in complex media

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Abstract

The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow us to understand and control light propagation in a complex medium, such as biological tissues or multimode fibers. A vibrant and diverse community is now working in this field, which has revolutionized the prospect of diffraction-limited imaging at depth in tissues. This roadmap highlights several key aspects of this fast developing field, and some of the challenges and opportunities ahead.

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Compressive Sensing [Lecture Notes]

Richard G Baraniuk (2007)

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Controlling waves in space and time for imaging and focusing in complex media

Allard Mosk, Ad Lagendijk, Geoffroy Lerosey … (2012)

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In vivo three-photon microscopy of subcortical structures within an intact mouse brain

Nicholas G. Horton, Ke Wang, Demirhan Kobat … (2013)

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM) 1 enables scientists in various fields including neuroscience 2,3 , embryology 4 , and oncology 5 to visualize in vivo and ex vivo tissue morphology and physiology at a cellular level deep within scattering tissue. However, tissue scattering limits the maximum imaging depth of 2PM within the mouse brain to the cortical layer, and imaging subcortical structures currently requires the removal of overlying brain tissue 3 or the insertion of optical probes 6,7 . Here we demonstrate non-invasive, high resolution, in vivo imaging of subcortical structures within an intact mouse brain using three-photon fluorescence microscopy (3PM) at a spectral excitation window of 1,700 nm. Vascular structures as well as red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled neurons within the mouse hippocampus are imaged. The combination of the long excitation wavelength and the higher order nonlinear excitation overcomes the limitations of 2PM, enabling biological investigations to take place at greater depth within tissue.