COVID-19 Pandemic: health professionals’ perception about the assistance mentioned in television media  <span class="so-article-trans-title"> Translated title: Pandemia de COVID-19: percepci&oacute;n de los profesionales de salud sobre la asistencia aludida en medio televisivo </span> <span class="so-article-trans-title"> Translated title: Pandemia da COVID-19: percep&ccedil;&atilde;o dos profissionais de sa&uacute;de sobre a assist&ecirc;ncia aludida em m&iacute;dia televisiva </span>

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: Exhibit the health professionals’ perception about the assistance provided during the COVID-19 pandemic mentioned television media. Methods: Qualitative study developed after analysis of the videos with a testimonial from practitioners assisting patients with COVID-19, presented by the series “Inside Here” (in Portuguese, “Aqui Dentro”), of Globo TV News Jornal Nacional, broadcasted in 2020. Textual data was processed by the software IRAMUTEQ with descending hierarchical classification and content analysis, having the theoretical framework as the psychodynamics of Dejours’ study. Results: Three categories emerged: work overload in assisting; subjective mobilization of health professionals; strategies to face in assisting. Final considerations: We verified the physical and psychic work overload during the assistance, but there was a concern to ensure a humanized care. Despite the difficulties faced, the recovery and discharge from patients generated motivation and satisfaction in front of the COVID-19 scenario.

Translated abstract

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desvelar la percepción de profesionales de salud sobre la asistencia prestada durante la pandemia de COVID-19, aludida en medio televisivo. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo desarrollado después de análisis de vídeos con deposiciones de profesionales actuantes en la asistencia a pacientes con COVID-19, presentados por el cuadro “Aquí dentro”, del Periódico Nacional de la Rede Globo de Televisión, transmitidos en 2020. Datos textuales fueron procesados por software IRAMUTEQ con clasificación jerárquica descendente y análisis de contenido, siendo el referencial teórico, la psicodinámica del trabajo de Dejours. Resultados: Emergieron tres categorías: Sobrecarga de trabajo en prestación de asistencia; Movilización subjetiva de profesionales de salud; Estrategias para enfrentamiento en prestación de asistencia. Consideraciones finales: Verificó la sobrecarga de trabajo físico y psíquico durante la asistencia, pero con preocupación en garantizar cuidado humanizado. Aunque las dificultades enfrentadas, la recuperación y alta de los pacientes generaron motivación y satisfacción frente al escenario de COVID19.

Translated abstract

RESUMO Objetivo: Desvelar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde sobre a assistência prestada durante a pandemia da COVID-19, aludida em mídia televisiva. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo desenvolvido após análise de vídeos com depoimentos de profissionais atuantes na assistência a pacientes com COVID-19, apresentados pelo quadro “Aqui dentro”, do Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo de Televisão, transmitidos em 2020. Os dados textuais foram processados pelo software IRAMUTEQ com classificação hierárquica descendente e análise de conteúdo, sendo o referencial teórico, a psicodinâmica do trabalho de Dejours. Resultados: Emergiram três categorias: Sobrecarga de trabalho na prestação da assistência; Mobilização subjetiva dos profissionais de saúde; Estratégias para enfrentamento na prestação da assistência. Considerações finais: Verificou-se a sobrecarga de trabalho físico e psíquico durante a assistência, mas com preocupação em garantir cuidado humanizado. Apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas, a recuperação e alta dos pacientes geraram motivação e satisfação diante do cenário da COVID-19.

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Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic

Li Duan, Gang Zhu (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has now spread across China for over a month. The National Health Commission has issued guidelines for emergency psychological crisis intervention for people affected by COVID-19. 1 Medical institutions and universities across China have opened online platforms to provide psychological counselling services for patients, their family members, and other people affected by the epidemic. However, Xiang and colleagues, 2 claim that the mental health needs of patients with confirmed COVID-19, patients with suspected infection, quarantined family members, and medical personnel have been poorly handled. The organisation and management models for psychological interventions in China must be improved. Several countries in the west (eg, the UK and USA) have established procedures for psychological crisis interventions to deal with public health emergencies. 3 Theoretical and practical research on psychological crisis interventions in China commenced relatively recently. In 2004, the Chinese Government issued guidelines on strengthening mental health initiatives, 4 and psychological crisis interventions have dealt with public health emergencies—eg, after the type A influenza outbreak and the Wenchuan earthquake—with good results.5, 6 During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, several psychological counselling telephone helplines were opened for the public, and quickly became important mechanisms in addressing psychological issues. However, the organisation and management of psychological intervention activities have several problems. First, little attention is paid to the practical implementation of interventions. Overall planning is not adequate. When an outbreak occurs, no authoritative organisation exists to deploy and plan psychological intervention activities in different regions and subordinate departments. Hence, most medical departments start psychological interventional activities independently without communicating with each other, thereby wasting mental health resources, and failing patients in terms of a lack of a timely diagnosis, and poor follow-up for treatments and evaluations. Second, the cooperation between community health services and mental-health-care institutions in some provinces and cites in China has been decoupled. After the assessment of the mental health states of individuals affected by the epidemic, patients cannot be assigned according to the severity of their condition and difficulty of treatment to the appropriate department or professionals for timely and reasonable diagnosis and treatment. And after remission of the viral infection, patients cannot be transferred quickly from a hospital to a community health service institution to receive continuous psychological treatment. Finally, owing to a shortage of professionals, the establishment of psychological intervention teams in many areas is not feasible. Teams might consist of psychological counsellors, nurses, volunteers, or teachers majoring in psychology and other related fields, with no professional and experienced psychologists and psychiatrists. One individual often has multiple responsibilities, which can reduce the effectiveness of interventions. This situation can be resolved by improving relevant policies, strengthening personnel training, optimising organisational and management policies, and constantly reviewing experiences in practice. In the National Health Commission guidelines, 1 key points were formulated for different groups, including patients with confirmed and suspected infections, medical care and related personnel, those who had close contacts with patients (eg, family members, colleagues, friends), people who refused to seek medical treatment, susceptible groups (eg, older people, children, and pregnant women), and the general public. With disease progression, clinical symptoms become severe and psychological problems in infected patients will change; therefore, psychological intervention measures should be targeted and adapted as appropriate. Studies have confirmed that individuals who have experienced public health emergencies still have varying degrees of stress disorders, even after the event is over, or they have been cured and discharged from hospital, indicating these individuals should not be ignored.7, 8 Therefore, we should consider the disease course, severity of clinical symptoms, place of treatment (eg, isolated at home, ordinary isolation ward, intensive care unit), and other factors to classify individuals who need psychological intervention and to formulate specific measures to improve the effectiveness of these interventions. Under strict infection measures, non-essential personnel such as clinical psychiatrists, psychologists, and mental health social workers, are strongly discouraged from entering isolation wards for patients with COVID-19. Therefore, frontline health-care workers become the main personnel providing psychological interventions to patients in hospitals. For individuals with a suspected infection who are under quarantine or at home, community health service personnel should provide primary medical care and mental health care. However, because of complicated work procedures, heavy workloads, and a lack of standardised training in psychiatry or clinical psychology, community health service personnel do not always know how to mitigate the psychological distress of patients. A professional team comprising mental health personnel is a basic tenet in dealing with emotional distress and other mental disorders caused by epidemics and other public health emergencies. The national mental health working plan (2015–20) reported that 27 733 licensed psychiatrists (1·49 per 100 000 population), 57 591 psychiatric nurses, and more than 5 000 psychotherapists worked in China in 2015. 9 By the end of 2017, the number of licensed psychiatrists had increased to 33 400, and the number of psychotherapists, social workers, and psychological counsellors was also increasing year by year, 10 but their numbers were still too few to meet the needs of patients with mental disorders. Hence, training of mental health professionals at different levels is urgently required by the Chinese Government. Interventions should be based on a comprehensive assessment of risk factors leading to psychological issues, including poor mental health before a crisis, bereavement, injury to self or family members, life-threatening circumstances, panic, separation from family and low household income. 11 Any major epidemic outbreak will have negative effects on individuals and society. Lessons learned from terrorist events at the Pentagon and anthrax attacks in the USA showed the importance of pre-establishing community coalitions to mobilise resources efficiently and effectively and to respond successfully to the disaster-related mental health needs of affected individuals. 12 Planning of psychological interventions in China is usually done passively; few preventive measures are implemented before the occurrence of serious psychological issues caused by acute emergency events. The outbreak of COVID-19 has shown many problems with the provision of psychological intervention in China. Here we have suggested ways that the government could establish and improve the intervention system based on sound scientific advice, to effectively deal with the mental health problems caused by public health emergencies. © 2020 Pasieka 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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COVID-19: protecting health-care workers

The Lancet (2020)

Worldwide, as millions of people stay at home to minimise transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, health-care workers prepare to do the exact opposite. They will go to clinics and hospitals, putting themselves at high risk from COVID-2019. Figures from China's National Health Commission show that more than 3300 health-care workers have been infected as of early March and, according to local media, by the end of February at least 22 had died. In Italy, 20% of responding health-care workers were infected, and some have died. Reports from medical staff describe physical and mental exhaustion, the torment of difficult triage decisions, and the pain of losing patients and colleagues, all in addition to the infection risk. As the pandemic accelerates, access to personal protective equipment (PPE) for health workers is a key concern. Medical staff are prioritised in many countries, but PPE shortages have been described in the most affected facilities. Some medical staff are waiting for equipment while already seeing patients who may be infected or are supplied with equipment that might not meet requirements. Alongside concerns for their personal safety, health-care workers are anxious about passing the infection to their families. Health-care workers who care for elderly parents or young children will be drastically affected by school closures, social distancing policies, and disruption in the availability of food and other essentials. Health-care systems globally could be operating at more than maximum capacity for many months. But health-care workers, unlike ventilators or wards, cannot be urgently manufactured or run at 100% occupancy for long periods. It is vital that governments see workers not simply as pawns to be deployed, but as human individuals. In the global response, the safety of health-care workers must be ensured. Adequate provision of PPE is just the first step; other practical measures must be considered, including cancelling non-essential events to prioritise resources; provision of food, rest, and family support; and psychological support. Presently, health-care workers are every country's most valuable resource. © 2020 Denis Lovrovic/AFP/Getty Images 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know

Zhangkai J. Cheng, Jing Shan (2020)

There is a current worldwide outbreak of a new type of coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to 17 other countries. Governments are under increased pressure to stop the outbreak spiraling into a global health emergency. At this stage, preparedness, transparency, and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments and beginning outbreak control activities. This information should include reports from outbreak sites and from laboratories supporting the investigation. This paper aggregates and consolidates the virology, epidemiology, clinical management strategies from both English and Chinese literature, official news channels, and other official government documents. In addition, by fitting the number of infections with a single-term exponential model, we report that the infection is spreading at an exponential rate, with a doubling period of 1.8 days.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): reben

Title: Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

Abbreviated Title: Rev. Bras. Enferm.

Publisher: Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (Brasília, DF, Brazil )

ISSN (Print): 0034-7167

ISSN (Electronic): 1984-0446

Publication date (Print and electronic): 2021

Volume: 74

Issue: suppl 1

Electronic Location Identifier: e20201258

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[1] Londrina Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil

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Publisher ID: S0034-71672021000800218 Publisher ID: S0034-7167(21)07400000218

DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1258

SO-VID: b5e8dcfe-1cad-41e3-b8dd-3a3b8c406295

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Date received : 03 December 2020

Date accepted : 20 January 2021

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Most cited references 35

Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic

COVID-19: protecting health-care workers

2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know

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