This review highlights the discovery and development of chemotherapy at Eli Lilly & Company over the past 30 years from the Vinca alkaloids-vincristine, vinblastine, and vindesine-to targeted therapy. During the late 1970s, Lilly began an exploration of new synthetic compounds based on solid tumor screening models. Several novel antimetabolites with the potential to treat solid tumors were identified. Two such agents, gemcitabine and pemetrexed, underwent clinical development and are now among Lilly's portfolio of approved anticancer drugs. Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine nucleoside that has a profound effect on DNA synthesis, has been approved for the treatment of pancreatic, non-small cell lung, bladder, and most recently, breast, and ovarian cancer. Pemetrexed, a novel antifolate with potent cytotoxic effects, is distinguished from other antifolates by virtue of its ability to inhibit multiple folate-dependent enzymes. Pemetrexed, given in combination with cisplatin, has been recently approved for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and as second-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. Spurred by advances in the understanding of cancer as a disease process, Lilly's anticancer drug program began to transition to a more "targeted" approach during the 1990s. These efforts have recently culminated in the identification and development of enzastaurin, a PKCbeta inhibitor with potent anti-angiogenic properties. Enzastaurin has shown promising single-agent activity in patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, and is an excellent candidate for combination with cytotoxic agents.