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      Manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico Translated title: Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease

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          Abstract

          A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico freqüentemente se apresenta com pirose e regurgitação, os chamados sintomas típicos. Porém, um subgrupo de pacientes apresenta um conjunto de sinais e sintomas que não estão relacionados diretamente ao dano esofágico. A esse conjunto dá-se o nome de manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Compreendem, principalmente, broncoespasmo, tosse crônica e alterações inflamatórias na laringe (chamados manifestações atípicas). Apesar de essas manifestações formarem um grupo heterogêneo, algumas considerações gerais englobam todos os subgrupos: embora a associação entre a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e as manifestações extra-esofágicas esteja bem estabelecida, uma relação entre causa e efeito definitiva ainda não está elucidada; em relação à patogênese das manifestações extra-esofágicas, os principais mecanismos propostos são a injúria direta do tecido extra-esofágico pelo conteúdo ácido gástrico refluído e o reflexo esôfago-brônquico mediado pelo nervo vago; a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico pode não ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial do grupo de pacientes que apresenta somente os sintomas atípicos. Este artigo revisa as manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico encontradas na literatura, discutindo a epidemiologia, patogênese, diagnóstico e tratamento, com foco nas apresentações mais estudadas e estabelecidas.

          Translated abstract

          Gastroesophageal reflux disease often presents as heartburn and acid reflux, the so-called "typical" symptoms. However, a subgroup of patients presents a collection of signs and symptoms that are not directly related to esophageal damage. These are known collectively as the extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Principal among such manifestations are bronchospasm, chronic cough and laryngitis, which are classified as atypical symptoms. These manifestations comprise a heterogeneous group. However, some generalizations can be made regarding all of the subgroups. First, although the correlation between gastroesophageal reflux disease and the extraesophageal manifestations has been well established, a cause-and-effect relationship has yet to be definitively elucidated. In addition, the main proposed pathogenic mechanisms of extraesophageal reflux are direct injury of the extraesophageal tissue (caused by contact with gastric acid) and the esophagobronchial reflex, which is mediated by the vagus nerve. Furthermore, gastroesophageal reflux disease might not be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting only the atypical symptoms. In this article, we review the extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, discussing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. We focus on the most extensively studied and well-established presentations.

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          Most cited references67

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          Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

          Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD) of unknown etiology. Introduction of acid into the respiratory tree can produce pulmonary fibrosis. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has previously been associated with several other respiratory conditions, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and asthma. To investigate prospectively the possible association of GER and IPF, 17 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven IPF and eight control patients with ILD other than IPF underwent dual-channel, ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Sixteen of 17 patients with IPF had abnormal distal and/or proximal esophageal acid exposure compared with four of eight control patients (p = 0.02). In the patients with IPF, mean percent distal total (13.6 versus 3.34, p = 0.006), distal upright (12.4 versus 5.1, p = 0.04), distal supine (14.7 versus 0.88, p = 0.02), and proximal supine (7.48 versus 0.24, p = 0.04) esophageal acid exposure times were significantly greater than those in control patients. Only four patients with IPF (25%) with increased acid exposure had typical reflux symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation. Patients with IPF have a high prevalence of increased esophageal acid exposure, usually without typical GER symptoms. GER in these patients tends to occur at night and extend into the proximal esophagus. Acid reflux may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of IPF.
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            Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with COPD.

            To determine the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms in patients with COPD and the association of GER symptoms with the severity of airways obstruction as assessed by pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Prospective questionnaire-based, cross-sectional analytic survey. Outpatient pulmonary and general medicine clinics at a Veterans Administration hospital. Patients with mild-to-severe COPD (n = 100) were defined based on American Thoracic Society criteria. The control group (n = 51) consisted of patients in the general medicine clinic without respiratory complaints or prior diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Both groups completed a modified version of the Mayo Clinic GER questionnaire. Compared to control subjects, a greater proportion of COPD patients had significant GER symptoms defined as heartburn and/or regurgitation once or more per week (19% vs 0%, respectively; p 50% of predicted (23% vs 9%, respectively; p = 0.08). In contrast, PFT results were similar among COPD patients with and without GER symptoms. An increased number of patients with COPD utilized antireflux medications, compared to control subjects (50% vs 27%, respectively; p = 0.008). The questionnaire demonstrated a higher prevalence of weekly GER symptoms in patients with COPD, as compared to control subjects. There was a trend toward higher prevalence of GER symptoms in patients with severe COPD; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. We speculate that although GER may not worsen pulmonary function, greater expiratory airflow limitation may worsen GER symptoms in patients with COPD.
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              Comorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans.

              It has been speculated that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) represents a risk factor for the occurrence of extraesophageal complications. The aim of this study was to compare the comorbid occurrence of sinus, laryngeal, and pulmonary diseases in case subjects with and control subjects without reflux esophagitis. The case population consisted of all patients with erosive esophagitis (International Classification of Diseases code 530.1) or esophageal stricture (ICD code 530.3) who were discharged from hospitals of the Department of Veteran Affairs between 1981 and 1994. In multivariate logistic regressions, the occurrence of sinus, pharyngeal, laryngeal, or pulmonary disease was compared between cases with and an equal number of controls without esophagitis or stricture. A total of 101,366 case subjects was analyzed. Erosive esophagitis and esophageal stricture were associated with sinusitis (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-1.70), pharyngitis (1.48; 1.15-1.89), aphonia (1.81; 1.18-2.80), laryngitis (2.01; 1.53-2.63), laryngeal stenosis (2.02; 1.12-3.65), chronic bronchitis (1.28; 1.22-1.34), asthma (1.51; 1.43-1.59), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.22; 1.16-1.27), pulmonary fibrosis (1.36; 1.25-1.48), bronchiectasis (1.26; 1.09-1.47), pulmonary collapse (1.31; 1.23-1.40), and pneumonia (1.15; 1.12-1.18). Patients with reflux esophagitis are at an increased risk of harboring a large variety of sinus, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and pulmonary diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                J. bras. pneumol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (São Paulo )
                1806-3756
                April 2006
                : 32
                : 2
                : 150-160
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade do Sul da Califórnia
                [3 ] Hospital de Clínicas Brasil
                [4 ] Hospital Moinhos de Vento Brasil
                [5 ] College of Chest Physicians
                Article
                S1806-37132006000200011
                10.1590/S1806-37132006000200011
                b5998a1f-8514-4c75-a107-ecf0f9814351

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1806-3713&lng=en
                Categories
                RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

                Respiratory medicine
                Gastroesophageal reflux,Asthma,Laryngitis,Cough,Fundoplication,Respiration disorders,Refluxo gastroesofágico,Asma,Laringite,Tosse,Fundoplicatura,Transtornos respiratórios

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