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      Small area variations in four measures of poverty among Indian households: Econometric analysis of National Family Health Survey 2019–2021

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          Abstract

          India has seen enormous reductions in poverty in the past few decades. However, much of this progress has been unequal throughout the country. This paper examined the 2019–2021 National Family Health Survey to examine small area variations in four measures of household poverty. Overall, the results show that clusters and states were the largest sources of variation for the four measures of poverty. These findings also show persistent within-district inequality when examining the bottom 10th wealth percentile, bottom 20th wealth percentile, and multidimensional poverty. Thus, these findings pinpoint the precise districts where between-cluster inequality in poverty is most prevalent. This can help guide policy makers in terms of targeting policies aimed at reducing poverty.

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          The Social Determinants of Health: It's Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes

          Paula Braveman, Laura Gottlieb (2014)
          Article 0 comments Cited 693 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review.

            Crick Lund, Alison Breen, Alan J Flisher … (2010)
            In spite of high levels of poverty in low and middle income countries (LMIC), and the high burden posed by common mental disorders (CMD), it is only in the last two decades that research has emerged that empirically addresses the relationship between poverty and CMD in these countries. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological literature in LMIC, with the aim of examining this relationship. Of 115 studies that were reviewed, most reported positive associations between a range of poverty indicators and CMD. In community-based studies, 73% and 79% of studies reported positive associations between a variety of poverty measures and CMD, 19% and 15% reported null associations and 8% and 6% reported negative associations, using bivariate and multivariate analyses respectively. However, closer examination of specific poverty dimensions revealed a complex picture, in which there was substantial variation between these dimensions. While variables such as education, food insecurity, housing, social class, socio-economic status and financial stress exhibit a relatively consistent and strong association with CMD, others such as income, employment and particularly consumption are more equivocal. There are several measurement and population factors that may explain variation in the strength of the relationship between poverty and CMD. By presenting a systematic review of the literature, this paper attempts to shift the debate from questions about whether poverty is associated with CMD in LMIC, to questions about which particular dimensions of poverty carry the strongest (or weakest) association. The relatively consistent association between CMD and a variety of poverty dimensions in LMIC serves to strengthen the case for the inclusion of mental health on the agenda of development agencies and in international targets such as the millenium development goals. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence.

              Richard Wilkinson, Kate Pickett (2006)
              Whether or not the scale of a society's income inequality is a determinant of population health is still regarded as a controversial issue. We decided to review the evidence and see if we could find a consistent interpretation of both the positive and negative findings. We identified 168 analyses in 155 papers reporting research findings on the association between income distribution and population health, and classified them according to how far their findings supported the hypothesis that greater income differences are associated with lower standards of population health. Analyses in which all adjusted associations between greater income equality and higher standards of population health were statistically significant and positive were classified as "wholly supportive"; if none were significant and positive they were classified as "unsupportive"; and if some but not all were significant and supportive they were classified as "partially supportive". Of those classified as either wholly supportive or unsupportive, a large majority (70 per cent) suggest that health is less good in societies where income differences are bigger. There were substantial differences in the proportion of supportive findings according to whether inequality was measured in large or small areas. We suggest that the studies of income inequality are more supportive in large areas because in that context income inequality serves as a measure of the scale of social stratification, or how hierarchical a society is. We suggest three explanations for the unsupportive findings reported by a minority of studies. First, many studies measured inequality in areas too small to reflect the scale of social class differences in a society; second, a number of studies controlled for factors which, rather than being genuine confounders, are likely either to mediate between class and health or to be other reflections of the scale of social stratification; and third, the international relationship was temporarily lost (in all but the youngest age groups) during the decade from the mid-1980s when income differences were widening particularly rapidly in a number of countries. We finish by discussing possible objections to our interpretation of the findings.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rockli Kim: rocklikim@korea.ac.kr
                S. V. Subramanian:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-4165
                svsubram@hsph.harvard.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Humanit Soc Sci Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Humanit Soc Sci Commun
                Title: Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
                Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2662-9992
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 January 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 January 2023
                Publication date (Print): 2023
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Global Health & Social Medicine, , Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, MA 02115 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.222754.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0840 2678, Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, , Graduate School of Korea University, ; Seoul, South Korea
                [3 ]GRID grid.459524.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1769 7131, Department of Economics, , FLAME University, ; Pune, India
                [4 ]G B Pant Social Science Institute, Prayagraj, India
                [5 ]GRID grid.222754.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0840 2678, Division of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, , Korea University, ; 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
                [6 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, ; Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ; Boston, MA 02115 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-4165
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1509
                DOI: 10.1057/s41599-023-01509-0
                PMC ID: 9843689
                PubMed ID: 36687775
                SO-VID: b56a04fd-ade0-458a-a936-92316524fba4
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 16 August 2022
                Date accepted : 4 January 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2023

                Keywords: development studies,health humanities
                Data availability:
                Keywords: development studies, health humanities

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