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      An Updated Review on Pharmaceutical Properties of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

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          Abstract

          Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and vertebrates. So far, Gaba is well known as a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its physiological roles are related to the modulation of synaptic transmission, the promotion of neuronal development and relaxation, and the prevention of sleeplessness and depression. Besides, various pharmaceutical properties of Gaba on non-neuronal peripheral tissues and organs were also reported due to anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-allergy, hepato-protection, reno-protection, and intestinal protection. Therefore, Gaba may be considered as potential alternative therapeutics for prevention and treatment of various diseases. Accordingly, this updated review was mainly focused to describe the pharmaceutical properties of Gaba as well as emphasize its important role regarding human health.

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          The Role of GABA in Human Motor Learning

          Charlotte Stagg, Velicia Bachtiar, Heidi Johansen-Berg (2011)
          Results There is considerable variability in motor learning behavior across individuals [7], and the present study aimed to test whether some of this variability could be explained by variation in responsiveness of the GABA system, because GABA modulation plays an important role in learning [1–4]. As a measure of GABA responsiveness, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify changes in GABA concentration following anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive technique that decreases GABA within the motor cortex [5], increases cortical excitability [8], and enhances short-term learning [9]. We predicted that individuals who show less tDCS-mediated GABA modulation would show less behavioral evidence of motor learning and less modulation of fMRI responses during learning. Subjects participated in three experimental sessions on different days. The first two sessions were MRS sessions, during which GABA-edited spectra were acquired before and after 10 min of tDCS. In the third session, subjects performed an explicit sequence learning task during fMRI, and no tDCS was applied. Motor Behavior Motor learning was assessed via change in reaction times to a visually cued explicit sequence learning task performed with the four fingers of the right hand during fMRI acquisition in session 3. All subjects showed a significant reduction in reaction times across successive learning blocks (Figure 1A; repeated-measures analysis of variance, main effect of BLOCK F(15,150) = 19.95; p  2.0 and a (corrected) cluster significance threshold of p = 0.01.
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            Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes.

            Konstantinos Makris, Loukia Spanou (2016)
            Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome that complicates the course and worsens the outcome in a significant number of hospitalised patients. Recent advances in clinical and basic research will help with a more accurate definition of this syndrome and in the elucidation of its pathogenesis. With this knowledge we will be able to conduct more accurate epidemiologic studies in an effort to gain a better understanding of the impact of this syndrome. AKI is a syndrome that rarely has a sole and distinct pathophysiology. Recent evidence, in both basic science and clinical research, is beginning to change our view for AKI from a single organ failure syndrome to a syndrome where the kidney plays an active role in the progress of multi-organ dysfunction. Accurate and prompt recognition of AKI and better understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the various clinical phenotypes are of great importance to research for effective therapeutic interventions. In this review we provide the most recent updates in the definition, epidemiology and pathophysiology of AKI.
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              The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review

              L. Abdulkhaleq, M. A. Assi, Rasedee Abdullah … (2018)
              The inflammatory response is a crucial aspect of the tissues’ responses to deleterious inflammogens. This complex response involves leukocytes cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, also known as inflammatory cells. In response to the inflammatory process, these cells release specialized substances which include vasoactive amines and peptides, eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, and acute-phase proteins, which mediate the inflammatory process by preventing further tissue damage and ultimately resulting in healing and restoration of tissue function. This review discusses the role of the inflammatory cells as well as their by-products in the mediation of inflammatory process. A brief insight into the role of natural anti-inflammatory agents is also discussed. The significance of this study is to explore further and understand the potential mechanism of inflammatory processes to take full advantage of vast and advanced anti-inflammatory therapies. This review aimed to reemphasize the importance on the knowledge of inflammatory processes with the addition of newest and current issues pertaining to this phenomenon.
              Article 0 comments Cited 137 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                María Dolores Torres: Role: Academic Editor
                Elena Falqué López: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: August 2019
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2678
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Natural Sciences, Thu Dau Mot University, Thu Dau Mot City 820000, Vietnam
                [2 ]NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: vtsang@ 123456ntt.edu.vn ; Tel.: +84-28-6271-7296
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-24-02678
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152678
                PMC ID: 6696076
                PubMed ID: 31344785
                SO-VID: b557b137-e704-4912-ad7c-f6c61086bf07
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2019
                Date accepted : 19 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: anti-hypertension,bioactivity,gaba,gaba-rich product,health benefit
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anti-hypertension, bioactivity, gaba, gaba-rich product, health benefit

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