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      Importancia de los Centros Nacionales de Gripe en la vigilancia de virus aviares de alta patogenicidad. El momento para One-Health es ahora Translated title: Importance of National Influenza Centers in the surveillance of highly pathogenic avian viruses. The time for One-Health is now

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          Abstract

          Desde el año 1996 el subtipo de gripe aviar de alta patogenicidad A(H5N1) ha estado casi de forma ininterrumpida causando brotes en aves salvajes y domésticas, además de casos en seres humanos con una mortalidad cercana al 50%. Sin embargo, los años de mayor circulación han sido precisamente los años posteriores a la pandemia de COVID-19, en los que se han registrado diversos casos en humanos en lugares donde nunca antes habían aparecido, además de múltiples casos en mamíferos salvajes, domésticos y peri domésticos, que entrañan cierta preocupación por el riesgo que puede suponer para el salto del virus al ser humano través de cadenas de transmisión de mayor o menor extensión. El brote actual de A(H5N1) nos muestra que el concepto One-Health debe estar más vivo que nunca para aunar esfuerzos entre profesionales de diferentes sectores de la sanidad humana, animal y medio ambiental para evitar o minimizar estos riesgos, de tal forma que los laboratorios de referencia como los Centros Nacionales de Gripe dispongan de los medios humanos y materiales para ofrecer información rápida y relevante en el menor tiempo posible antes emergencias de este tipo. Las herramientas de diagnóstico y seguimiento que se deben utilizar en estos casos deben estar disponibles para cualquier eventualidad, y llegar más allá de los datos básicos debe ser una premisa indispensable para poder hacer un seguimiento pormenorizado que sirva para acotar brotes, limitar la difusión de la enfermedad, y ayudar al diseño de futuras vacunas pandémicas frente a virus aviares.

          Translated abstract

          Since 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype A(H5N1) has been causing almost uninterrupted outbreaks in wild and domestic birds, as well as cases in humans with a mortality rate close to 50%. However, the years of greatest circulation have been precisely the years following the COVID-19 pandemic, in which several cases have been recorded in humans in places where they had never appeared before, in addition to multiple cases in wild, domestic and peri-domestic mammals, which raise some concern about the risk that the virus may jump to humans through chains of transmission of greater or lesser extent. The current outbreak of A(H5N1) shows us that the One-Health concept should be more alive than ever to join efforts between professionals from different sectors of human, animal and environmental health to avoid or minimize these risks, so that reference laboratories such as the National Influenza Centers have the human and material resources to provide rapid and relevant information in the shortest possible time before emergencies of this type. The diagnostic and monitoring tools to be used in these cases must be available for any eventuality, and going beyond the basic data must be an indispensable premise to be able to carry out a detailed monitoring that serves to limit outbreaks, limit the spread of the disease, and help in the design of future pandemic vaccines against avian viruses.

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          Most cited references13

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          The Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptome

          Summary SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the SARS-CoV-2 genome was reported recently, its transcriptomic architecture is unknown. Utilizing two complementary sequencing techniques, we present a high-resolution map of the SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome and epitranscriptome. DNA nanoball sequencing shows that the transcriptome is highly complex owing to numerous discontinuous transcription events. In addition to the canonical genomic and 9 subgenomic RNAs, SARS-CoV-2 produces transcripts encoding unknown ORFs with fusion, deletion, and/or frameshift. Using nanopore direct RNA sequencing, we further find at least 41 RNA modification sites on viral transcripts, with the most frequent motif, AAGAA. Modified RNAs have shorter poly(A) tails than unmodified RNAs, suggesting a link between the modification and the 3′ tail. Functional investigation of the unknown transcripts and RNA modifications discovered in this study will open new directions to our understanding of the life cycle and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
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            Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells

            The unprecedented public health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been met with an equally unprecedented scientific response. Much of this response has focused, appropriately, on the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, and in particular the binding of the spike (S) protein to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and subsequent membrane fusion. This Review provides the structural and cellular foundations for understanding the multistep SARS-CoV-2 entry process, including S protein synthesis, S protein structure, conformational transitions necessary for association of the S protein with ACE2, engagement of the receptor-binding domain of the S protein with ACE2, proteolytic activation of the S protein, endocytosis and membrane fusion. We define the roles of furin-like proteases, transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L in these processes, and delineate the features of ACE2 orthologues in reservoir animal species and S protein adaptations that facilitate efficient human transmission. We also examine the utility of vaccines, antibodies and other potential therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 entry mechanisms. Finally, we present key outstanding questions associated with this critical process. Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is mediated by the interaction between the viral spike protein and its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, followed by virus–cell membrane fusion. Worldwide research efforts have provided a detailed understanding of this process at the structural and cellular levels, enabling successful vaccine development for a rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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              Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022

              In October 2022, an outbreak in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in intensively farmed minks occurred in northwest Spain. A single mink farm hosting more than 50,000 minks was involved. The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which is responsible of the ongoing epizootic in Europe. An uncommon mutation (T271A) in the PB2 gene with potential public health implications was found. Our investigations indicate onward mink transmission of the virus may have occurred in the affected farm.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                Revista Española de Quimioterapia
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                0214-3429
                1988-9518
                11 January 2024
                2024
                : 37
                : 2
                : 121-126
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centro Nacional de Gripe, Valladolid, España
                [2 ]Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, Soria, España
                [3 ]Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECC), Madrid, España
                [4 ]Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
                [5 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España
                [6 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
                Author notes
                Correspondencia: Dr. Iván Sanz-Muñoz National Influenza Centre, Valladolid, Spain Calle Rondilla de Santa Teresa s/n, Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain E-mail: isanzm@ 123456saludcastillayleon.es
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4725-6663
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-6340
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-6340
                Article
                revespquimioter-37-121
                10.37201/req/137.2023
                10945097
                38205559
                b4ed0b34-99d5-4496-b514-8fb8a262b8c4
                © The Author 2024

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 November 2023
                : 10 December 2023
                : 11 December 2023
                : 19 December 2023
                Categories
                Revisión

                gripe aviar,pandemia,barrera de especie,brotes,vigilancia,avian influenza,pandemic,species barrier,outbreak,surveillance

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