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      Oral mucosa sporotrichosis: Report of a rare case acquired by direct inoculation

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Sporotrichosis is a rare type of fungal infection caused by Sporothrix fungus. Transmissions are commonly by traumatic inoculation of the fungus through the skin and subcutaneous tissue either from environmental exposure or contact with infected animals. Due to its mode of transmission, it is commonly affecting the upper limbs. Definitive diagnosis can be obtained by fungal culture test on secretion fluids, pus, bloods or tissue biopsy. We report a rare presentation of this disease appearing as a solitary chronic ulcer of the lip which was successfully treated with itraconazole.

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          Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis.

          M. Barros, R. de Almeida Paes, A. Schubach (2011)
          Sporotrichosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, is currently distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical zones. Infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Certain leisure and occupational activities, such as floriculture, agriculture, mining, and wood exploitation, are traditionally associated with the mycosis. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since the end of the 1990s there has been an epidemic of sporotrichosis associated with transmission by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 2,000 human cases and 3,000 animal cases have been reported. In humans, the lesions are usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. In cats, the disease can evolve with severe clinical manifestations and frequent systemic involvement. The gold standard for sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture. However, serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection. The first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.
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            Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis.

            Arunaloke Chakrabarti, Alexandro Bonifaz, Maria Gutierrez-Galhardo … (2015)
            Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. It has gained importance in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence, recognition of multiple cryptic species within the originally described species, and its distinctive ecology, distribution, and epidemiology across the globe. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and outbreaks due to S. schenckii sensu lato. Despite its omnipresence in the environment, this fungus has remarkably diverse modes of infection and distribution patterns across the world. We have delved into the nuances of how sporotrichosis is intimately linked to different forms of human activities, habitats, lifestyles, and environmental and zoonotic interactions. The purpose of this review is to stimulate discussion about the peculiarities of this unique fungal pathogen and increase the awareness of clinicians and microbiologists, especially in regions of high endemicity, to its emergence and evolving presentations and to kindle further research into understanding the unorthodox mechanisms by which this fungus afflicts different human populations.
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              Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

              Jason W. Chapman, P Pappas, Robert C. Kauffman … (2007)
              Guidelines for the management of patients with sporotrichosis were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and replace the guidelines published in 2000. The guidelines are intended for use by internists, pediatricians, family practitioners, and dermatologists. They include evidence-based recommendations for the management of patients with lymphocutaneous, cutaneous, pulmonary, osteoarticular, meningeal, and disseminated sporotrichosis. Recommendations are also provided for the treatment of sporotrichosis in pregnant women and in children.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Syed Nabil
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Mycol Case Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Mycol Case Rep
                Title: Medical Mycology Case Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-7539
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 January 2024
                Publication date Collection: March 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 January 2024
                Volume: 43
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100631
                Affiliations
                [a ]Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia
                [b ]Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. syednabil@ 123456ukm.edu.my
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2211-7539(24)00005-8 Publisher ID: 100631
                DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2024.100631
                PMC ID: 10839577
                PubMed ID: 38318120
                SO-VID: b4c16178-ea5e-464f-bab4-69c5aadfeadd
                Copyright © © 2024 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 December 2023
                Date revision received : 18 January 2024
                Date accepted : 23 January 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                Keywords: sporothrix schenckii,sporotrichosis,mycoses,itraconazole,oral ulcer
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sporothrix schenckii, sporotrichosis, mycoses, itraconazole, oral ulcer

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