fNIRS Assessment during an Emotional Stroop Task among Patients with Depression: Replication and Extension

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Abstract

Objective

Accumulated evidence collected via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been reported with regard to mental disorders. A previous finding revealed that emotional words evoke left frontal cortex activity in patients with depression. The primary aim of the current study was to replicate this finding using an independent dataset and evaluate the brain region associated with the severity of depression using an emotional Stroop task.

Methods

Oxygenized and deoxygenized hemoglobin recording in the brain by fNIRS on 14 MDD patients and 20 normal controls.

Results

Hyperactivated oxygenized hemoglobin was observed in the left frontal cortex on exposure to unfavorable stimuli, but no significant difference was found among patients with depression compared with healthy controls on exposure to favorable stimuli. This result is consistent with previous findings. Moreover, an evoked wave associated with the left upper frontal cortex on favorable stimuli was inversely correlated with the severity of depression.

Conclusion

Our current work using fNIRS provides a potential clue regarding the location of depression symptom severity in the left upper frontal cortex. Future studies should verify our findings and expand them into a precise etiology of depression.

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Most cited references 24

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Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters.

Frans Jöbsis (1977)

The relatively good transparency of biological materials in the near infrared region of the spectrum permits sufficient photon transmission through organs in situ for the monitoring of cellular events. Observations by infrared transillumination in the exposed heart and in the brain in cephalo without surgical intervention show that oxygen sufficiency for cytochrome a,a3, function, changes in tissue blood volume, and the average hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin equilibrium can be recorded effectively and in continuous fashion for research and clinical purposes. The copper atom associated with heme a3 did not respond to anoxia and may be reduced under normoxic conditions, whereas the heme-a copper was at least partially reducible.

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Influence of skin blood flow on near-infrared spectroscopy signals measured on the forehead during a verbal fluency task.

Toshimitsu Takahashi, Yoriko Takikawa, Reiko Kawagoe … (2011)

Brain activity during a verbal fluency task (VFT) has been the target of many functional imaging studies. Most studies using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have reported major activation in the frontal pole, but those using PET or fMRI have not. This led us to hypothesize that changes in the NIRS signals measured in the forehead during VFT were due to changes in skin blood flow. To test this hypothesis, we measured NIRS signals and the Doppler tissue blood flow signals in the foreheads of 50 participants. The measurements were performed while each participant produced words during two 60-s periods with an interval of 100 s. In addition to a conventional optode separation distance of 30 mm (FAR channels), we used a short distance--5mm (NEAR channels)--to measure NIRS signals that originated exclusively from surface tissues. The oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) concentration in the FAR and NEAR channels, as well as the Doppler blood flow signal, increased in a similar manner during the two periods of word production; the signal increase in the first period was twice as high as that in the second period. Accordingly, the mean changes in oxyHb concentration in the FAR channels were correlated closely with the changes in the NEAR channels (R(2) = 0.91) and with the integrated Doppler skin blood flow signal (R(2) = 0.94). Furthermore, task-related NIRS responses disappeared when we blocked skin blood flows by pressing a small area that covered a pair of optodes. Additionally, changes in the FAR channel signals were correlated closely with the magnitude of pulsatile waves in the Doppler signal (R(2) = 0.92), but these signals were not highly correlated with the pulse rate (R(2) = 0.43). These results suggest that a major part of the task-related changes in the oxyHb concentration in the forehead is due to task-related changes in the skin blood flow, which is under different autonomic control than heart rate. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Self-Referential Processing, Rumination, and Cortical Midline Structures in Major Depression

Ayna Baladi Nejad, Philippe Fossati, Cédric Lemogne (2013)

Major depression is associated with a bias toward negative emotional processing and increased self-focus, i.e., the process by which one engages in self-referential processing. The increased self-focus in depression is suggested to be of a persistent, repetitive and self-critical nature, and is conceptualized as ruminative brooding. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in self-referential processing has been previously emphasized in acute major depression. There is increasing evidence that self-referential processing as well as the cortical midline structures play a major role in the development, course, and treatment response of major depressive disorder. However, the links between self-referential processing, rumination, and the cortical midline structures in depression are still poorly understood. Here, we reviewed brain imaging studies in depressed patients and healthy subjects that have examined these links. Self-referential processing in major depression seems associated with abnormally increased activity of the anterior cortical midline structures. Abnormal interactions between the lateralized task-positive network, and the midline cortical structures of the default mode network, as well as the emotional response network, may underlie the pervasiveness of ruminative brooding. Furthermore, targeting this maladaptive form of rumination and its underlying neural correlates may be key for effective treatment.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychiatry Investig

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychiatry Investig

Journal ID (publisher-id): PI

Title: Psychiatry Investigation

Publisher: Korean Neuropsychiatric Association

ISSN (Print): 1738-3684

ISSN (Electronic): 1976-3026

Publication date (Print): January 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2019

Volume: 16

Issue: 1

Pages: 80-86

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan

[2 ]The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia

[3 ]Health Administration Center, Yamaguchi University Organization for University Education, Yamaguchi, Japan

[4 ]Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan

[5 ]Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan

Author notes

Correspondence: Tetsufumi Kanazawa, MD, PhD Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan Tel: +81-726831221, Fax: +81-726834810, E-mail: psy052@ 123456osaka-med.ac.jp

Article

Publisher ID: pi-2018-11-12-2

DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.11.12.2

PMC ID: 6354038

PubMed ID: 30696239

SO-VID: b47066e8-71ac-43cd-9567-c979e2e9a27f

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 13 September 2018

Date revision received : 31 October 2018

Date accepted : 12 November 2018

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fNIRS Assessment during an Emotional Stroop Task among Patients with Depression: Replication and Extension

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Abstract

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Measurement of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Major Depression

Most cited references 24

Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters.

Influence of skin blood flow on near-infrared spectroscopy signals measured on the forehead during a verbal fluency task.

Self-Referential Processing, Rumination, and Cortical Midline Structures in Major Depression

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