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      Microorganismos eficientes, propiedades funcionales y aplicaciones agrícolas Translated title: Efficient microorganisms, functional properties and agricultural applications

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Las producciones agrícolas limpias constituyen una prioridad en los programas de desarrollo de varios países. Los microorganismos eficientes (ME) desde la década de los 80 gracias a las investigaciones del científico Teruo Higa, profesor de horticultura de la Universidad de Ryukyus en Okinawa, Japón han demostrado ser una alternativa eficiente y sostenible en la producción de alimentos. El presente trabajo pretende desarrollar y sintetizar parte de la información publicada en los últimos 10 años relacionada con los ME, sus propiedades funcionales y aplicaciones agrícolas. Los ME agrupan una gran diversidad microbiana entre la cual encontramos: bacterias ácido lácticas, bacterias fotosintéticas, levaduras, actinomicetes y hongos filamentosos con capacidad fermentativa. Desde el punto de vista agrícola los ME promueven la germinación de semillas, favorecen la floración, el crecimiento y desarrollo de los frutos y permiten una reproducción más exitosa en las plantas. Adicionalmente se ha demostrado que mejoran la estructura física de los suelos, incrementan la fertilidad química de los mismos y suprimen a varios agentes fitopatógenos causantes de enfermedades en numerosos cultivos. Desde el punto de vista fisiológico se ha determinado que los ME incrementan la capacidad fotosintética de los cultivos, así como su capacidad para absorber agua y nutrientes. Además, mejoran la calidad y reducen los tiempos de maduración de abonos orgánicos, en particular, el composteo. Todos estos aspectos explican el incremento del rendimiento agrícola y el amplio uso de los ME así como productos derivados de estos como los bioles.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Clean agricultural production system currently is a priority in the agricultural development programs of several countries. The efficient microorganisms (EM) since the 80s thanks to research of the scientist Teruo Higa, professor of horticulture at the University of Ryukyus in Okinawa, Japan. He proved EM is an efficient and sustainable alternative in the production of food. The aim of this work is to develop and summarize part of published information in the last 10 years related with EM, their functional properties and agricultura applications. EM is a group of great microbial diversity among which: lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes and filamentous fungi with fermentative capacity are distinguished. From an agricultural point of view, EM promotes the germination of seeds, flowering, growth and development of fruits and allows a more successful reproduction in plants. Additionally, it has been shown that they improve the physical structure of soils, increase their chemical fertility and suppress several plant pathogenic agents that cause diseases in numerous crops. From a physiological point of view, it has been determined that EM increases the photosynthetic capacity of crops, as well as up take of water and nutrients. Application of EM improves quality and reduces the maturation times of organic fertilizers, particularly compost. All these aspects explain the increase in agricultural yield and the widespread use of EMs as well as products derived from them such as bioles.

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          Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and root system functioning

          The rhizosphere supports the development and activity of a huge and diversified microbial community, including microorganisms capable to promote plant growth. Among the latter, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize roots of monocots and dicots, and enhance plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms. Modification of root system architecture by PGPR implicates the production of phytohormones and other signals that lead, mostly, to enhanced lateral root branching and development of root hairs. PGPR also modify root functioning, improve plant nutrition and influence the physiology of the whole plant. Recent results provided first clues as to how PGPR signals could trigger these plant responses. Whether local and/or systemic, the plant molecular pathways involved remain often unknown. From an ecological point of view, it emerged that PGPR form coherent functional groups, whose rhizosphere ecology is influenced by a myriad of abiotic and biotic factors in natural and agricultural soils, and these factors can in turn modulate PGPR effects on roots. In this paper, we address novel knowledge and gaps on PGPR modes of action and signals, and highlight recent progress on the links between plant morphological and physiological effects induced by PGPR. We also show the importance of taking into account the size, diversity, and gene expression patterns of PGPR assemblages in the rhizosphere to better understand their impact on plant growth and functioning. Integrating mechanistic and ecological knowledge on PGPR populations in soil will be a prerequisite to develop novel management strategies for sustainable agriculture.
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            Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils

            Abstract Plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health, productivity and soil fertility. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are bacteria that can enhance plant growth and protect plants from disease and abiotic stresses through a wide variety of mechanisms; those that establish close associations with plants, such as the endophytes, could be more successful in plant growth promotion. Several important bacterial characteristics, such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, ACC deaminase activity, and production of siderophores and phytohormones, can be assessed as plant growth promotion (PGP) traits. Bacterial inoculants can contribute to increase agronomic efficiency by reducing production costs and environmental pollution, once the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced or eliminated if the inoculants are efficient. For bacterial inoculants to obtain success in improving plant growth and productivity, several processes involved can influence the efficiency of inoculation, as for example the exudation by plant roots, the bacterial colonization in the roots, and soil health. This review presents an overview of the importance of soil-plant-microbe interactions to the development of efficient inoculants, once PGPB are extensively studied microorganisms, representing a very diverse group of easily accessible beneficial bacteria.
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              Mechanisms of action of plant growth promoting bacteria

              The idea of eliminating the use of fertilizers which are sometimes environmentally unsafe is slowly becoming a reality because of the emergence of microorganisms that can serve the same purpose or even do better. Depletion of soil nutrients through leaching into the waterways and causing contamination are some of the negative effects of these chemical fertilizers that prompted the need for suitable alternatives. This brings us to the idea of using microbes that can be developed for use as biological fertilizers (biofertilizers). They are environmentally friendly as they are natural living organisms. They increase crop yield and production and, in addition, in developing countries, they are less expensive compared to chemical fertilizers. These biofertilizers are typically called plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). In addition to PGPB, some fungi have also been demonstrated to promote plant growth. Apart from improving crop yields, some biofertilizers also control various plant pathogens. The objective of worldwide sustainable agriculture is much more likely to be achieved through the widespread use of biofertilizers rather than chemically synthesized fertilizers. However, to realize this objective it is essential that the many mechanisms employed by PGPB first be thoroughly understood thereby allowing workers to fully harness the potentials of these microbes. The present state of our knowledge regarding the fundamental mechanisms employed by PGPB is discussed herein.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cag
                Centro Agrícola
                Ctro. Agr.
                Editorial Feijóo, Universidad Central de Las Villas (Santa Clara, , Cuba )
                2072-2001
                0253-5785
                June 2019
                : 46
                : 2
                : 93-103
                Affiliations
                [1] Riobamba orgnameEscuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) orgdiv1Facultad de Zootecnia Ecuador
                [2] Riobamba orgnameEscuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) orgdiv1Facultad de Recursos Naturales orgdiv2Laboratorio de Fitopatología Ecuador
                Article
                S0253-57852019000200093 S0253-5785(19)04600200093
                b44b5775-15b4-4733-85be-ac89ea406a4c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 March 2019
                : 06 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN

                nutrición,biodiversisty,organic fertilizer,agricultura sostenible,nutrition,suelo,soil,biodiversidad,abono orgánico,sustainable agricultura

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