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      Effects of surface coating on reducing friction and wear of orthopaedic implants

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          Abstract

          Coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) and titanium nitride (TiN) are employed in joint implants due to their excellent tribological properties. Recently, graphite-like carbon (GLC) and tantalum (Ta) have been proven to have good potential as coating as they possess mechanical properties similar to bones—high hardness and high flexibility. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to summarize the coating techniques of these four materials in order to compare their mechanical properties and tribological outcomes. Eighteen studies published between January 2000 and February 2013 have met the inclusion criteria for this review. Details of their fabrication parameters, material and mechanical properties along with the tribological outcomes, such as friction and wear rate, were identified and are presented in a systematic way. Although experiment conditions varied, we conclude that Ta has the lowest wear rate compared to DLC, GLC and TiN because it has a lower wear rate with high contact pressure as well as higher hardness to elasticity ratio. However, a further tribology test is needed in an environment which replicates artificial joints to confirm the acceptability of these findings.

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          Porous tantalum structures for bone implants: fabrication, mechanical and in vitro biological properties.

          Vamsi Krishna Balla, Subhadip Bodhak, Susmita Bose … (2010)
          The relatively high cost of manufacturing and the inability to produce modular implants have limited the acceptance of tantalum, in spite of its excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. In this article, we report how to process Ta to create net-shape porous structures with varying porosity using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) for the first time. Porous Ta samples with relative densities between 45% and 73% have been successfully fabricated and characterized for their mechanical properties. In vitro cell materials interactions, using a human fetal osteoblast cell line, have been assessed on these porous Ta structures and compared with porous Ti control samples. The results show that the Young's modulus of porous Ta can be tailored between 1.5 and 20 GPa by changing the pore volume fraction between 27% and 55%. In vitro biocompatibility in terms of MTT assay and immunochemistry study showed excellent cellular adherence, growth and differentiation with abundant extracellular matrix formation on porous Ta structures compared to porous Ti control. These results indicate that porous Ta structures can promote enhanced/early biological fixation. The enhanced in vitro cell-material interactions on the porous Ta surface are attributed to its chemistry, its high wettability and its greater surface energy relative to porous Ti. Our results show that these laser-processed porous Ta structures can find numerous applications, particularly among older patients, for metallic implants because of their excellent bioactivity. Copyright 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            A biologically effective fullerene (C60) derivative with superoxide dismutase mimetic properties.

            I H Hardt, K Quick, Laura Dugan … (2004)
            Superoxide, a potentially toxic by-product of cellular metabolism, may contribute to tissue injury in many types of human disease. Here we show that a tris-malonic acid derivative of the fullerene C60 molecule (C3) is capable of removing the biologically important superoxide radical with a rate constant (k(C3)) of 2 x 10(6) mol(-1) s(-1), approximately 100-fold slower than the superoxide dismutases (SOD), a family of enzymes responsible for endogenous dismutation of superoxide. This rate constant is within the range of values reported for several manganese-containing SOD mimetic compounds. The reaction between C3 and superoxide was not via stoichiometric "scavenging," as expected, but through catalytic dismutation of superoxide, indicated by lack of structural modifications to C3, regeneration of oxygen, production of hydrogen peroxide, and absence of EPR-active (paramagnetic) products, all consistent with a catalytic mechanism. A model is proposed in which electron-deficient regions on the C60 sphere work in concert with malonyl groups attached to C3 to electrostatically guide and stabilize superoxide, promoting dismutation. We also found that C3 treatment of Sod2(-/-) mice, which lack expression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), increased their life span by 300%. These data, coupled with evidence that C3 localizes to mitochondria, suggest that C3 functionally replaces MnSOD, acting as a biologically effective SOD mimetic.
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              Direct laser processing of a tantalum coating on titanium for bone replacement structures.

              Vamsi Krishna Balla, Shashwat S. Banerjee, Susmita Bose … (2010)
              Recently tantalum is gaining more attention as a new metallic biomaterial as it has been shown to be bioactive and biologically bonds to bone. However, the relatively high cost of manufacture and an inability to produce a modular all Ta implant has limited its widespread acceptance. In this study we have successfully deposited a Ta coating on Ti using laser engineered net shaping (LENS) to enhance the osseointegration properties. In vitro biocompatibility study, using human osteoblast cell line hFOB, showed excellent cellular adherence and growth with abundant extracellular matrix formation on the Ta coating surface compared with the Ti surface. A six times higher living cell density was observed on the Ta coating than on the Ti control surface by MMT assay. A high surface energy and wettability of the Ta surface were observed to contribute to its significantly better cell-material interactions. Also, these dense Ta coatings do not suffer from low fatigue resistance due to the absence of porosity and a sharp interface between the coating and the substrate, which is a major concern for porous coatings used for enhanced/early biological fixation. Copyright 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Technol Adv Mater
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Technol Adv Mater
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TSTA
                Title: Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 1468-6996
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-5514
                Publication date Collection: February 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 January 2014
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 014402
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [2 ]Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: TSTA11661132
                DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/1/014402
                PMC ID: 5090599
                SO-VID: b42e5717-8633-4bb9-9000-a7c7cecbfeb3
                Copyright © © 2014 National Institute for Materials Science
                License:

                Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

                History
                Date received : 22 July 2013
                Date accepted : 10 September 2013
                Date revision received : 07 January 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Focus on Nanomaterials and Nanofabrication for Biomedical Applications

                Keywords: surface coating,artificial joints,friction,wear
                Data availability:
                Keywords: surface coating, artificial joints, friction, wear

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