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      Anestesia com cetamina, midazolam e óxido nitroso em cães submetidos à esofagoplastia cervical Translated title: Ketamine, midazolam and nitrous oxide anesthesia in dogs submitted to cervical esophagoplasty

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          Abstract

          Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a anestesia intravenosa com cetamina e midazolam (K-M) em cães ventilados mecanicamente com 66% de óxido nitroso e 33% de oxigênio ou 100% de oxigênio. Foram utilizados 16 cães sem raça definida, hígidos, com peso médio de 14,2 ± 3,78kg, submetidos a jejum sólido de 12 horas prévio ao procedimento. A anestesia foi induzida com a associação de cetamina (10mg.kg-1) e midazolam (0,5mg.kg-1) administrados na mesma seringa por via intravenosa (IV). Para manutenção anestésica, foi utilizada cetamina (5mg.kg-1) e midazolam (0,25mg.kg-1) administrados por via IV em intervalos de 10 minutos. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: N2O e O2. No grupo N2O, os cães foram ventilados mecanicamente com 66% de óxido nitroso e 33% de oxigênio. No grupo O2, somente o oxigênio foi utilizado para ventilação artificial. Em ambos os grupos, os animais foram submetidos à esofagoplastia cervical. As variáveis fisiológicas utilizadas para comparação entre os grupos foram: freqüência cardíaca, pressões arteriais sistólica, média e diastólica, saturação de oxigênio da hemoglobina e temperatura corporal. A necessidade ou não de doses adicionais da associação cetamina e midazolam também foi registrada para comparação. A análise estatística dos resultados não demonstrou diferenças significativas nas variáveis fisiológicas entre os grupos. No grupo O2, foram necessárias doses maiores da associação K-M para manutenção anestésica nos 30 minutos iniciais (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a anestesia injetável com K-M, nas doses utilizadas neste estudo, com ou sem inclusão de óxido nitroso, não deprime a função cardiovascular, não causa hipotermia, promove indução tranqüila e recuperação satisfatória com salivação e produz adequado grau de analgesia e relaxamento muscular para realização de cirurgias no esôfago cervical em cães. A inclusão do óxido nitroso permite a utilização de doses menores da associação cetamina-midazolam.

          Translated abstract

          This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ketamine, midazolam, and nitrous oxide anesthesia (K-M) in dogs artificially ventilated with 66% nitrous oxide and 33% oxygen or 100% oxygen. These dogs were submitted to experimental cervical esophagoplasty. Sixteen clinically healtly mixed breed dogs with mean body weight of 14.2 ± 3.78kg were studied. A 12-hour fasting period was established for each dog. Anesthesia was produced with 10mg.kg-1 ketamine and 0.5mg.kg-1 midazolam administered intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with 5mg.kg-1 and 0.25mg.kg-1 midazolam IV as a bolus injection every 10 minutes after induction. Two groups were studied: N2O and O2. In one group (N2O) 8 dogs were artificially ventilated with 66% nitrous oxide (N2O) and 33% oxygen (O2). In the other group (O2) 8 dogs were artificially ventilated with 100% O2. Both groups were submitted to an experimental cervical esophagoplasty. In order to compare both treatments heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, pulse oximetry and body temperature were recorded. Analgesia was compared between groups as the need of supplementary doses of K-M. The results demonstrated that K-M injectable anesthesia do not produce cardiovascular depressant effects and hypothermia, promotes quiet induction and satisfactory recovery with salivation and produces adequate analgesia and muscular relaxation to cervical esophagus in dogs. Additional doses of K-M were necessary (p<0.05) in the O2 group suggesting that nitrous oxide decreases the dose of K-M in dogs.

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          Most cited references13

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          The minimum alveolar concentration of nitrous oxide in man.

          The potency and anesthetic state produced by nitrous oxide alone were investigated in order to clarify its contribution to the effect of other anesthetic agents. Seven volunteers anesthetized with 1.55 atm absolute N2O in a pressure chamber displayed muscle rigidity with jerking movements, labored and rapid breathing, sweating, and dilated pupils. At 1.1 atm absolute N2O, relaxation and quiescence occurred, sweating ceased, and pupil size decreased. Determination of MAC (using tetanic electrical impulses as the noxious stimulus) produced a mean value of 1.04 +/- 0.10 (SE) atm absolute. All subjects complained of nausea and vomiting after anesthesia.
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            Induction of anesthesia with diazepam-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine in greyhounds.

            Anesthesia was induced in 14 greyhounds with a mixture of diazepam or midazolam (0.28 mg/kg) and ketamine (5.5 mg/kg), and maintained with halothane. There were no significant differences in weight, age, or duration of anesthesia between the treatment groups. Time to intubation with diazepam-ketamine (4.07 +/- 1.43 min) was significantly longer than with midazolam-ketamine (2.73 +/- 0.84 min). Heart rate, respiratory rate, PaCO2, and arterial pH did not vary significantly during anesthesia in either treatment group. Arterial blood pressures, PaO2, halothane vaporizer setting, and body temperature changed significantly from baseline values in both treatment groups during anesthesia. Times to sternal recumbency and times to standing were not significantly different. These data suggest that both diazepam-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine are useful anesthetic combinations in greyhounds. In combination with ketamine, midazolam offers little advantage over diazepam.
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              Manual of small animal anesthesia

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                December 2003
                : 33
                : 6
                : 1075-1080
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria
                [02] Baton Rouge orgnameLouisiana State University EUA
                [01] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Hospital Veterinário orgdiv2Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária
                Article
                S0103-84782003000600012 S0103-8478(03)03300612
                10.1590/S0103-84782003000600012
                b40cb7d4-28b6-4c81-99d9-0e45f7dbc0a5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 May 2002
                : 09 October 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Clínica e Cirurgia

                ketamine,cães,óxido nitroso,cetamina,midazolam,dogs,nitrous oxide
                ketamine, cães, óxido nitroso, cetamina, midazolam, dogs, nitrous oxide

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