Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous structures: from multi-scale design, precise additive manufacturing to multidisciplinary applications

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Abstract

Inspired by natural porous architectures, numerous attempts have been made to generate porous structures. Owing to the smooth surfaces, highly interconnected porous architectures, and mathematical controllable geometry features, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is emerging as an outstanding solution to constructing porous structures in recent years. However, many advantages of TPMS are not fully utilized in current research. Critical problems of the process from design, manufacturing to applications need further systematic and integrated discussions. In this work, a comprehensive overview of TPMS porous structures is provided. In order to generate the digital models of TPMS, the geometry design algorithms and performance control strategies are introduced according to diverse requirements. Based on that, precise additive manufacturing methods are summarized for fabricating physical TPMS products. Furthermore, actual multidisciplinary applications are presented to clarify the advantages and further potential of TPMS porous structures. Eventually, the existing problems and further research outlooks are discussed.

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High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt.

Gang Wu, Karren More, Christina Johnston … (2011)

The prohibitive cost of platinum for catalyzing the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hampered the widespread use of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We describe a family of non-precious metal catalysts that approach the performance of platinum-based systems at a cost sustainable for high-power fuel cell applications, possibly including automotive power. The approach uses polyaniline as a precursor to a carbon-nitrogen template for high-temperature synthesis of catalysts incorporating iron and cobalt. The most active materials in the group catalyze the ORR at potentials within ~60 millivolts of that delivered by state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum, combining their high activity with remarkable performance stability for non-precious metal catalysts (700 hours at a fuel cell voltage of 0.4 volts) as well as excellent four-electron selectivity (hydrogen peroxide yield <1.0%).

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Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review.

Xiaojian Wang, Shanqing Xu, Shiwei Zhou … (2016)

One of the critical issues in orthopaedic regenerative medicine is the design of bone scaffolds and implants that replicate the biomechanical properties of the host bones. Porous metals have found themselves to be suitable candidates for repairing or replacing the damaged bones since their stiffness and porosity can be adjusted on demands. Another advantage of porous metals lies in their open space for the in-growth of bone tissue, hence accelerating the osseointegration process. The fabrication of porous metals has been extensively explored over decades, however only limited controls over the internal architecture can be achieved by the conventional processes. Recent advances in additive manufacturing have provided unprecedented opportunities for producing complex structures to meet the increasing demands for implants with customized mechanical performance. At the same time, topology optimization techniques have been developed to enable the internal architecture of porous metals to be designed to achieve specified mechanical properties at will. Thus implants designed via the topology optimization approach and produced by additive manufacturing are of great interest. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of topological design and manufacturing processes of various types of porous metals, in particular for titanium alloys, biodegradable metals and shape memory alloys. This review also identifies the limitations of current techniques and addresses the directions for future investigations.