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      Estudo comparativo de funções neuropsicológicas entre grupos etários de 21 a 90 anos Translated title: Comparative study of neuropsychological functions among age groups from 21 to 90 years old Translated title: Estudio comparativo de las funciones neuropsicológicas entre grupos etarios de 21 a 90 años de edad Translated title: Étude comparative des fonctions neuropsychologiques dans des groupes d'âge de 21 à 90 ans

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          Abstract

          A avaliação neuropsicológica possibilita investigar habilidades cognitivas, comunicativas e/ou emocionais, gerando indicadores para diagnóstico e reabilitação de disfunções neuropsicológicas. Estudos com indivíduos neurologicamente preservados, de diferentes faixas etárias, são importantes para a interpretação dos dados de pacientes neurológicos e/ou psiquiátricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há diferenças entre quatro grupos etários quanto ao seu processamento de funções neuropsicológicas, analisando-se mais especificamente diferentes sistemas mnemônicos, assim como linguagem oral e escrita. Participaram do estudo 207 adultos neurologicamente preservados e de alta escolaridade: 53 jovens (21-39 anos), 63 de idade intermediária (40-59 anos), 48 idosos (60-75 anos) e 43 idosos longevos (76-90 anos). Os participantes foram avaliados quanto às funções de orientação têmporo-espacial, atenção, percepção, memória, habilidades aritméticas, linguagem, praxias, e funções executivas (resolução de problemas e fluência verbal) pelo Instrumento de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Breve NEUPSILIN. A comparação do desempenho entre grupos foi analisada com o teste ANCOVA de um fator, com as covariantes escolaridade e freqüência de hábitos de leitura e escrita. Os resultados indicaram desempenho inferior para o grupo etário de 76 a 90 anos nas tarefas de percepção, resolução de problemas, fluência verbal e nos componentes de memória de trabalho, episódica verbal e prospectiva. Para linguagem escrita, os resultados mostraram-se significativamente diferentes entre os grupos de jovens e longevos. O desempenho das funções neuropsicológicas parece apresentar mudanças com o processo de envelhecimento, especialmente a partir dos 76 anos, embora o fator idade tenha um papel diferente para cada componente cognitivo.

          Translated abstract

          Neuropsychological assessment allows the investigation of cognitive, communicative and emotional abilities, generating indices to diagnosis and rehabilitation of neuropsychological impairments. Studies with healthy individuals of different ages are relevant to the interpretation of the assessment data of neurologic and/or psychiatric patients. This research aimed at verifying if there are differences between four age groups regarding their neuropsychological functions processing, analyzing more specifically different mnemonic systems, as well as the oral and written language. The sample was composed of 207 neurologically healthy and highly-educated adults: 53 younger (21-39 years old), 63 middle-aged (40-59 years old), 48 elderly (60-75 years old) and 43 oldest old (76-90 years old). Participants' cognitive functions were assessed with the Brazilian Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery NEUPSILIN. The assessment included the following abilities: time and space orientation, attention, memory, arithmetic, language, motor functions, and executive functions (problem solving and verbal fluency). Between groups performance comparison was analyzed with one-way ANCOVA, and education and frequency of writing and reading habits as covariates. Results suggested that there was a low performance in some cognitive components mainly regarding the 76 year-old group, such as perception, problem solving, verbal fluency, working, episodic and prospective mnemonic components. In addition, there were differences between the oldest and the youngest groups when it comes to written language. Neuropsychological performance seems change throughout the aging process, especially from the age of 76, although this variable had a different role for each cognitive component.

          Translated abstract

          La evaluación neuropsicológica permite la investigación de las habilidades cognitivas, comunicativas y/o emocionales, generando indicadores para el diagnóstico y rehabilitación de las funciones neuropsicológicas. Los estudios con individuos neurológicamente sanos, y de diferentes grupos etarios, son importantes para la interpretación de los datos de pacientes neurológicos y/o psiquiátricos. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de verificar posibles diferencias en relación al procesamiento de las funciones neuropsicológicas entre cuatro grupos etarios, analizándose más específicamente los diferentes sistemas de memoria, así como el lenguaje oral y escrito. Participaron del estudio 207 adultos neurológicamente sanos y de alta escolaridad: 53 jóvenes (21- 39 años), 63 de edad intermedia (40-59 años), 48 adultos mayores (60-75 años) y 43 adultos mayores longevos (76-90 años). Las siguientes funciones fueron evaluadas en los participantes: orientación témporo-espacial, atención, percepción, memoria, aritmética, lenguaje, praxias y funciones ejecutivas (resolución de problemas y fluencia verbal) a través del Instrumento de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Breve NEUPSILIN. Se comparó el desempeño entre los grupos con un ANCOVA de un factor con escolaridad y frecuencia de hábitos de lectura y escritura como covariables. Los resultados indican un desempeño inferior para el grupo etario de 76 a 90 años en las tareas de percepción, resolución de problemas, fluencia verbal y en los componentes de memoria de trabajo, episódica verbal y prospectiva. En lenguaje escrito, los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de jóvenes y longevos. El desempeño en las funciones neuropsicológicas parece cambiar a medida que se avanza en el proceso de envejecimiento, especialmente a partir de los 76 años. No obstante, el factor edad tiene un papel distinto según el componente cognitivo del que se trate.

          Translated abstract

          L'évaluation neuropsychologique permet l'étude des capacités cognitives, communicationelles et émotionnelles, produisant des indices au diagnostic et à la réadaptation des déficiences neuropsychologiques. Des études avec les individus sains de différents âges sont appropriées pour l'interprétation des données d'évaluation de patients neurologiques et/ou psychiatriques. Cette recherche a visé à vérifier s'il y a des différences entre quatre tranches d'âge quant à leur traitement des fonctions neuropsychologiques, analysant plus spécifiquement des systèmes mnémoniques différents, ainsi que le langage oral et écrit. L'échantillon a été composé de 207 adultes neurologiquement sains et fortement instruits : 53 plus jeunes (21-39 ans), 63 d'âge moyen (40-59 ans), 48 personnes âgées (60-75 ans) et 43 plus vieux (76-90 ans). Les fonctions cognitives des participants ont été évaluées avec la "Brazilian Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery NEUPSILIN". L'évaluation a inclus les capacités suivantes : temps et orientation spatiale, attention, mémoire, arithmétique, langage, fonctions motrices et fonctions exécutives (résolution de problème et fluence verbale). La comparaison des performances entre les groupes a étéanalysée avec l'ANCOVA à un critère de classification, et l'éducation et la fréquence d'écriture et les habitudes de lecture comme covariables. Les résultats ont suggéré qu'il y avait une basse performance dans quelques composants cognitifs principalement dans le groupe des 76 ans, tels la perception, la résolution de problème, la fluence verbale, le travail, les composants mnémoniques épisodiques et prospectifs. De plus, il y avait des différences entre les groupes les plus âgés et plus jeunes dans le langage écrit. La performance neuropsychologique semblait changer au cours du processus du vieillissement, particulièrement à partir de l'âge de 76 ans, bien que cette variable avait un rôle différent pour chaque composant cognitif.

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          Most cited references69

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          Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model.

          A model of the effects of aging on brain activity during cognitive performance is introduced. The model is called HAROLD (hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults), and it states that, under similar circumstances, prefrontal activity during cognitive performances tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger adults. The model is supported by functional neuroimaging and other evidence in the domains of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perception, and inhibitory control. Age-related hemispheric asymmetry reductions may have a compensatory function or they may reflect a dedifferentiation process. They may have a cognitive or neural origin, and they may reflect regional or network mechanisms. The HAROLD model is a cognitive neuroscience model that integrates ideas and findings from psychology and neuroscience of aging.
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            The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding.

            There are declines with age in speed of processing, working memory, inhibitory function, and long-term memory, as well as decreases in brain structure size and white matter integrity. In the face of these decreases, functional imaging studies have demonstrated, somewhat surprisingly, reliable increases in prefrontal activation. To account for these joint phenomena, we propose the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC). STAC provides an integrative view of the aging mind, suggesting that pervasive increased frontal activation with age is a marker of an adaptive brain that engages in compensatory scaffolding in response to the challenges posed by declining neural structures and function. Scaffolding is a normal process present across the lifespan that involves use and development of complementary, alternative neural circuits to achieve a particular cognitive goal. Scaffolding is protective of cognitive function in the aging brain, and available evidence suggests that the ability to use this mechanism is strengthened by cognitive engagement, exercise, and low levels of default network engagement.
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              When does age-related cognitive decline begin?

              Cross-sectional comparisons have consistently revealed that increased age is associated with lower levels of cognitive performance, even in the range from 18 to 60 years of age. However, the validity of cross-sectional comparisons of cognitive functioning in young and middle-aged adults has been questioned because of the discrepant age trends found in longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. The results of the current project suggest that a major factor contributing to the discrepancy is the masking of age-related declines in longitudinal comparisons by large positive effects associated with prior test experience. Results from three methods of estimating retest effects in this project, together with results from studies comparing non-human animals raised in constant environments and from studies examining neurobiological variables not susceptible to retest effects, converge on a conclusion that some aspects of age-related cognitive decline begin in healthy educated adults when they are in their 20s and 30s.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rnl
                Neuropsicologia Latinoamericana
                Neuropsicologia Latinoamericana
                Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neuropsicologia (Calle, , Colombia )
                2075-9479
                2010
                : 2
                : 1
                : 55-67
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnamePontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
                [01] orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
                Article
                S2075-94792010000100007 S2075-9479(10)00200100007
                b36ac254-b40e-46df-bb16-cdf53a4f6278

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 28 May 2010
                : 05 May 2009
                : 30 May 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia


                Memória,Brief neuropsychological assessment,Age,Aging, Memory,Evaluación neuropsicológica breve,Edad,Envejecimiento,Évaluation neuropsychologique brève,Âge,Vieillissement,Mémoire,Avaliação neuropsicológica breve,Idade,Envelhecimento

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