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      Review of complications in double eyelid surgery

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          Abstract

          Double eyelid surgery is popular worldwide, especially in East Asia. Although double eyelid surgery seems simple, it comes with numerous complications. These complications can be divided into disordered complications and esthetic complications. Plastic surgeons pay more attention to the esthetic aspect. In our long-term clinical work, we have repeatedly observed that many patients with overactive facial muscles (frontalis muscle or corrugator supercilii muscle) often develop esthetic complications after surgery. These patients present with an appearance of a double eyelid fold that is either too high, too low, or absent. However, some plastic surgeons have not realized this, and most of them believe that esthetic complications are caused by improper techniques during surgery. Therefore, it is necessary for us to share our experience in this field with our peers.

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          Most cited references89

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          Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome.

          To examine risk factors for the prevalence of dry eye syndrome in a population-based cohort. The prevalence of dry eye was determined by history at the second examination (1993-1995) of the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort (N = 3722). The cohort was aged 48 to 91 years (mean +/- SD, 65 +/- 10 years) and 43% male. The overall prevalence of dry eye was 14.4%. Prevalence varied from 8.4% in subjects younger than 60 years to 19. 0% in those older than 80 years (P<.001 for test of trend). Age-adjusted prevalence in men was 11.4% compared with 16.7% in women (P<.001). After controlling for age and sex, the following factors were independently and significantly associated with dry eye in a logistic model: history of arthritis (odds ratio [OR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.33), smoking status (past, OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.97-1.52; current, OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.36-2.46), caffeine use (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61-0.91), history of thyroid disease (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09-1.84), history of gout (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02-1.96), total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (OR, for 1 unit, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99), diabetes (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86), and multivitamin use (past, OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1. 01-1.81; current, OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09-1.82). Nonsignificant variables included body mass; blood pressure; white blood cell count; hematocrit; history of osteoporosis, stroke, or cardiovascular disease; history of allergies; use of antihistamines, parasympathetics, antidepressants, diuretics, antiemetics, or other drying drugs; alcohol consumption; time spent outdoors; maculopathy; central cataract; and lens surgery. The results suggest several factors, such as smoking, caffeine use, and multivitamin use, could be studied for preventive or therapeutic efficacy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1264-1268
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            The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis.

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              Ocular surface inflammatory changes induced by topical antiglaucoma drugs: human and animal studies.

              To investigate conjunctival and trabecular specimens from patients with glaucoma according to the duration and number of drugs received before filtration surgery, and to confirm, in a complementary experimental model, the role of preservative by comparing the effects of preserved and nonpreserved timolol. Experimental animal and human tissue study. Paired specimens of conjunctiva and trabeculum were taken from 61 patients undergoing trabeculectomy. Twenty-six patients were treated with 2 or more drugs for at least 1 year; 30 had received a beta-blocker for more than 1 year and 5 underwent primary surgery. A second study was performed in 25 rats receiving topical solutions in both eyes for 1 month. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all biopsy specimens using 12 different monoclonal antibodies. Ocular structures from rats treated for 1 month with preserved 0.5% timolol, nonpreserved 0.5% timolol, or 0.01% benzalkonium chloride were similarly investigated in an experimental study. Inflammatory cell infiltrates and fibroblasts were evaluated in biopsies, as well as in animal specimens, together with histologic changes induced by the drugs applied. Twenty-four of 26 conjunctivae and 21 of 24 trabecular pieces from multitreated patients were found to be abnormally infiltrated by cells expressing inflammatory or fibroblastic markers or both. Nineteen of 30 conjunctivae and 9 of 22 trabeculums in the monotherapy group and only 1 of 5 specimens from the primary surgery group were abnormal. In rats, preserved timolol and benzalkonium similarly showed infiltrates together with toxic histopathologic changes as compared to the nonpreserved timolol and control groups. These two combined studies confirmed histopathologic effects of antiglaucomatous drugs on the conjunctiva and showed similar effects in the trabecular meshwork. The experimental study showed that benzalkonium chloride is at least, to a large part, responsible for these toxic or immunoinflammatory effects or both on the ocular structures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Indian J Ophthalmol
                Indian J Ophthalmol
                IJO
                Indian J Ophthalmol
                Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                0301-4738
                1998-3689
                May 2022
                28 April 2022
                : 70
                : 5
                : 1460-1465
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Baoqiang Song, Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 15, Changle West Road, Shaanxi Xi’an 710 032, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: Songbq2012@ 123456163.com
                Article
                IJO-70-1460
                10.4103/ijo.IJO_1518_21
                9332984
                35502011
                b34a827f-4591-4742-a8e3-0c146270c30a
                Copyright: © 2022 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                : 01 June 2021
                : 12 August 2021
                : 31 October 2021
                Categories
                Review Article

                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                blepharoplasty,complications,double eyelid surgery,facial muscles
                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                blepharoplasty, complications, double eyelid surgery, facial muscles

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