Description of a common stauromedusa on the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada, <i>Haliclystus sanjuanensis</i> new species (Cnidaria: Staurozoa)

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Abstract

Haliclystus “ sanjuanensis” nomen nudum is the most common staurozoan on the west coast of the United States and Canada. This species was described in the M.S. Thesis by Gellermann (1926) and although that name has been in use nearly continuously since that time, no published description exists. Furthermore, the most popular operative name for this species has varied between several related species names over time, resulting in confusion. Herein, we provide a detailed description and synonymy of Haliclystus sanjuanensis n. sp., whose distribution is verified from Unalaska Island in the Aleutians (53.4° N, 166.8° W) in the northwest, to Santa Barbara County, California, just north of Point Conception (34.5° N, 120.5° W), in the south. Haliclystus sanjuanensis n. sp. is compared with the twelve other described species of Haliclystus and illustrations of both macroscopic and microscopic anatomy are provided. Haliclystus sanjuanensis n. sp. is unique among species of Haliclystus in the arrangement of the bright-white nematocyst spots in its calyx and the pattern of dark stripes running the length of the stalk and up the outside of the calyx.

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Most cited references 106

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Synopsis of the Medusae of the World

P. L. Kramp (1961)

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Phylogenomics provides a robust topology of the major cnidarian lineages and insights on the origins of key organismal traits

Ehsan Kayal, Bastian Bentlage, M Sabrina Pankey … (2018)

Background The phylogeny of Cnidaria has been a source of debate for decades, during which nearly all-possible relationships among the major lineages have been proposed. The ecological success of Cnidaria is predicated on several fascinating organismal innovations including stinging cells, symbiosis, colonial body plans and elaborate life histories. However, understanding the origins and subsequent diversification of these traits remains difficult due to persistent uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary relationships within Cnidaria. While recent phylogenomic studies have advanced our knowledge of the cnidarian tree of life, no analysis to date has included genome-scale data for each major cnidarian lineage. Results Here we describe a well-supported hypothesis for cnidarian phylogeny based on phylogenomic analyses of new and existing genome-scale data that includes representatives of all cnidarian classes. Our results are robust to alternative modes of phylogenetic estimation and phylogenomic dataset construction. We show that two popular phylogenomic matrix construction pipelines yield profoundly different datasets, both in the identities and in the functional classes of the loci they include, but resolve the same topology. We then leverage our phylogenetic resolution of Cnidaria to understand the character histories of several critical organismal traits. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses based on our phylogeny establish several notable organismal transitions in the evolutionary history of Cnidaria and depict the ancestral cnidarian as a solitary, non-symbiotic polyp that lacked a medusa stage. In addition, Bayes factor tests strongly suggest that symbiosis has evolved multiple times independently across the cnidarian radiation. Conclusions Cnidaria have experienced more than 600 million years of independent evolution and in the process generated an array of organismal innovations. Our results add significant clarification on the cnidarian tree of life and the histories of some of these innovations. Further, we confirm the existence of Acraspeda (staurozoans plus scyphozoans and cubozoans), thus reviving an evolutionary hypothesis put forward more than a century ago. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1142-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models.

Allen G Collins, Peter Schuchert, Antonio C Marques … (2006)

A newly compiled data set of nearly complete sequences of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosome (LSU or 28S) sampled from 31 diverse medusozoans greatly clarifies the phylogenetic history of Cnidaria. These data have substantial power to discern among many of the competing hypotheses of relationship derived from prior work. Moreover, LSU data provide strong support at key nodes that were equivocal based on other molecular markers. Combining LSU sequences with those of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosome (SSU or 18S), we present a detailed working hypothesis of medusozoan relationships and discuss character evolution within this diverse clade. Stauromedusae, comprising the benthic, so-called stalked jellyfish, appears to be the sister group of all other medusozoans, implying that the free-swimming medusa stage, the motor nerve net, and statocysts of ecto-endodermal origin are features derived within Medusozoa. Cubozoans, which have had uncertain phylogenetic affinities since the elucidation of their life cycles, form a clade-named Acraspeda-with the scyphozoan groups Coronatae, Rhizostomeae, and Semaeostomeae. The polyps of both cubozoans and hydrozoans appear to be secondarily simplified. Hydrozoa is comprised by two well-supported clades, Trachylina and Hydroidolina. The position of Limnomedusae within Trachylina indicates that the ancestral hydrozoan had a biphasic life cycle and that the medusa was formed via an entocodon. Recently hypothesized homologies between the entocodon and bilaterian mesoderm are therefore suspect. Laingiomedusae, which has often been viewed as a close ally of the trachyline group Narcomedusae, is instead shown to be unambiguously a member of Hydroidolina. The important model organisms of the Hydra species complex are part of a clade, Aplanulata, with other hydrozoans possessing direct development not involving a ciliated planula stage. Finally, applying phylogenetic mixture models to our data proved to be of little additional value over a more traditional phylogenetic approach involving explicit hypothesis testing and bootstrap analyses under multiple optimality criteria. [18S; 28S; Cubozoa; Hydrozoa; medusa; molecular systematics; polyp; Scyphozoa; Staurozoa.].

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Author and article information

Contributors

Lucília S. Miranda

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ

Journal ID (publisher-id): PeerJ

Title: PeerJ

Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359

Publication date (Electronic): 18 September 2023

Publication date Collection: 2023

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: e15944

Affiliations

[1 ]Friday Harbor Laboratories and the Department of Biology, University of Washington , Friday Harbor, Washington, United States

[2 ]Department of Biology, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

[3 ]Coastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba , Katsuura, Chiba, Japan

[4 ]Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Article

Publisher ID: 15944

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15944

PMC ID: 10512941

PubMed ID: 37744232

SO-VID: b309045f-4ac2-4597-bb0b-06e3915ddcd5

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

History

Date received : 10 May 2023

Date accepted : 1 August 2023

Funding

Funded by: PRPq/UFMG ADRC

Award ID: 26048 * 132

Funded by: FAPESP

Award ID: 2015/23695-0

Funded by: Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant to Louise R. Page

This study was supported by PRPq/UFMG ADRC (grant number 26048 * 132) (Lucília S. Miranda) and by FAPESP (grant number 2015/23695-0) (Lucília S Miranda). Hannah Westlake’s participation in this project was funded by a Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant to Louise R. Page. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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