Chemical Characterisation and Antihypertensive Effects of Locular Gel and Serum of  Lycopersicum esculentum  L. var. “Camone” Tomato in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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Abstract

Blood pressure control in hypertensive subjects calls for changes in lifestyle, especially diet. Tomato is widely consumed and rich in healthy components (i.e., carotenoids, vitamins and polyphenols). The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antihypertensive effects of locular gel reconstituted in serum of green tomatoes of “Camone” variety. Tomato serum and locular gel were chemically characterised. The antihypertensive effects of the locular gel in serum, pure tomatine, and captopril, administered by oral gavage, were investigated for 4 weeks in male spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored using the tail cuff method. Body and heart weight, serum glucose, triglycerides and inflammatory cytokines, aorta thickness and liver metabolising activity were also assessed. Locular gel and serum showed good tomatine and polyphenols content. Significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, as well as in inflammatory blood cytokines and aorta thickness, were observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated both with locular gel in serum and captopril. No significant effects were observed in normotensive rats. Green tomatoes locular gel and serum, usually discarded during tomato industrial processing, are rich in bioactive compounds (i.e., chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rutin, as well as the glycoalkaloids, α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine) that can lower in vivo blood pressure towards healthier values, as observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

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Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals.

Rui Hai Liu (2003)

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are ranked as the first and second leading causes of death in the United States and in most industrialized countries. Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging. Prevention is a more effective strategy than is treatment of chronic diseases. Functional foods that contain significant amounts of bioactive components may provide desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition and play important roles in the prevention of chronic diseases. The key question is whether a purified phytochemical has the same health benefit as does the whole food or mixture of foods in which the phytochemical is present. Our group found, for example, that the vitamin C in apples with skin accounts for only 0.4% of the total antioxidant activity, suggesting that most of the antioxidant activity of fruit and vegetables may come from phenolics and flavonoids in apples. We propose that the additive and synergistic effects of phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables are responsible for their potent antioxidant and anticancer activities, and that the benefit of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables is attributed to the complex mixture of phytochemicals present in whole foods.

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Analysis of molecular masses and oligomeric states of protein complexes by blue native electrophoresis and isolation of membrane protein complexes by two-dimensional native electrophoresis.

H Schägger, W.A. Cramer, G. Vonjagow (1994)

Blue native Electrophoresis is a "charge shift" method developed for isolation of native membrane protein complexes from biological membranes that also separates both acidic and basic water-soluble proteins at a fixed pH of 7.5. In combination with a second dimension sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis it provides an analytical method for the determination of molecular mass and oligomeric state of nondissociated complexes, of subunit composition, and of degree of purity and for the detection of subcomplexes. The method was applied to analysis of cytochrome bc/bf complexes. By combination of a novel colorless native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CN-PAGE) with blue native BN-PAGE, a two-dimensional native technique was developed that is suitable for preparation of highly pure membrane protein complexes.

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Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet.

Mendel Friedman (2002)

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ana Paula Duarte: Role: Academic Editor

Derek J. McPhee: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules

Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules

Title: Molecules

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049

Publication date (Electronic): 18 August 2020

Publication date Collection: August 2020

Volume: 25

Issue: 16

Electronic Location Identifier: 3758

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; paola.marcolongo@ 123456unisi.it (P.M.); alessandra.gamberucci@ 123456unisi.it (A.G.); roberta.giunti@ 123456unisi.it (R.G.); virginia.barone@ 123456unisi.it (V.B.); a.borghini12@ 123456gmail.com (A.B.)

[2 ]Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; gabriella.tamasi@ 123456unisi.it (G.T.); pardini4@ 123456student.unisi.it (A.P.); claudia.bonechi@ 123456unisi.it (C.B.); claudio.rossi@ 123456unisi.it (C.R.)

[3 ]Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; paolo.fiorenzani@ 123456unisi.it

[4 ]Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; maria.frosini@ 123456unisi.it (M.F.); massimo.valoti@ 123456unisi.it (M.V.)

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: federica.pessina@ 123456unisi.it ; Tel.: +39-0577-234-449

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Author information

Paola Marcolongo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9330-8570

Alessandra Gamberucci https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-0256

Gabriella Tamasi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6796-8863

Claudia Bonechi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-3253

Virginia Barone https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-9291

Annalisa Borghini https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-8077

Maria Frosini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4452-8128

Massimo Valoti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7240-3576

Federica Pessina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3310-3738

Article

Publisher ID: molecules-25-03758

DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163758

PMC ID: 7464676

PubMed ID: 32824747

SO-VID: b2d8d902-caf1-4afa-9561-c76c8b4b3af1

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Chemical Characterisation and Antihypertensive Effects of Locular Gel and Serum of Lycopersicum esculentum L. var. “Camone” Tomato in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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Most cited references 47

Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals.

Analysis of molecular masses and oligomeric states of protein complexes by blue native electrophoresis and isolation of membrane protein complexes by two-dimensional native electrophoresis.

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet.

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