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      Amaranth, quinoa, and millet growth and development under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado Translated title: Crescimento e desenvolvimento de amaranto, quinoa e milheto sob diferentes regimes hídricos no Cerrado

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics of the cover plants amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in a Typic Acrustox, under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado. The cultivation was carried out in the winter, with reduced rainfall, which facilitated the application of varying irrigation depths to the different crops. Water regimes denominated lower, lower middle, upper middle, and upper - corresponding to 217, 386, 563, and 647 mm water depths, respectively - were tested by means of an irrigation bar composed of sprinklers with different flow rates. Plant growth was quantified by weekly collections. Amaranth was the most responsive plant to water. Quinoa showed the best performance in the treatment with the upper-middle water level among the other evaluated species. Millet showed thermal sensitivity for cultivation in the winter, making grain production unfeasible; however, it showed exceptional ability to produce biomass even in the treatment with higher water deficit.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do crescimento das plantas de cobertura amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) em Latossolo Vermelho, sob diferentes regimes hídricos no Cerrado. O cultivo foi realizado no inverno, com pluviosidade reduzida, o que facilitou a aplicação de lâminas de irrigação nas diferentes culturas. No experimento foram avaliados regimes hídricos intitulados de inferior, médio inferior, médio superior e superior, correspondentes à aplicação respectiva de 217, 386, 563 e 647 mm de lâminas de água, por meio de uma barra irrigadora composta por aspersores de diferentes vazões. O crescimento das plantas foi quantificado mediante coletas com periodicidade semanal. O amaranto foi a planta mais responsiva à água. A quinoa apresentou o melhor desempenho no tratamento com nível de água médio superior entre as espécies avaliadas. O milheto apresentou sensibilidade térmica ao cultivo no inverno, o que inviabilizou a produção de grãos; porém, mostrou excepcional aptidão quanto à produção de biomassa, inclusive no tratamento com maior deficit hídrico.

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          Response of plants to water stress

          Water stress adversely impacts many aspects of the physiology of plants, especially photosynthetic capacity. If the stress is prolonged, plant growth, and productivity are severely diminished. Plants have evolved complex physiological and biochemical adaptations to adjust and adapt to a variety of environmental stresses. The molecular and physiological mechanisms associated with water-stress tolerance and water-use efficiency have been extensively studied. The systems that regulate plant adaptation to water stress through a sophisticated regulatory network are the subject of the current review. Molecular mechanisms that plants use to increase stress tolerance, maintain appropriate hormone homeostasis and responses and prevent excess light damage, are also discussed. An understanding of how these systems are regulated and ameliorate the impact of water stress on plant productivity will provide the information needed to improve plant stress tolerance using biotechnology, while maintaining the yield and quality of crops.
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            Quinoa for Marginal Environments: Toward Future Food and Nutritional Security in MENA and Central Asia Regions

            Quinoa is recognized as a crop of great value in terms of tolerance to abiotic stresses and there is growing interest to introduce it in marginal agricultural production systems worldwide. Also, quinoa is one of the most nutritious food crops currently known and the nutritive properties of the crop are seen as a mean to fight malnutrition globally. Various quinoa cultivars have been screened for tolerance to salinity, water-use efficiency and nutritional quality and the positive attributes found in them have created even wider global interest in its cultivation. This paper summarizes 15 years of studies on assessing the potential for introducing the crop in a few countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Central Asia regions and describes the key constraints for scaling-up the production under marginal growing conditions in the newly introduced countries.
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              Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, NADP-malic enzyme, and pyruvate, phosphate dikinase are involved in the acclimation of Nicotiana tabacum L. to drought stress.

              Drought stress is one of the most frequent forms of abiotic stresses, which occurs under condition of limited water availability. In this work, the possible participation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31; PEPC), NADP-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; NADP-ME), and pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1; PPDK) in response to drought of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. W38) was investigated. Enzyme specific activities in tobacco leaves of drought stressed plants were significantly increased after 11 days of stress, PEPC 2.3-fold, NADP-ME 3.9-fold, and PPDK 2.7-fold compared to control plants. The regulation of PEPC and NADP-ME activities were studied on transcriptional level by the quantitative RT PCR and on translational level - immunochemically. The amount of NADP-ME protein and transcription of mRNA for chloroplastic NADP-ME isoform were increased indicating their enhanced synthesis de novo. On the other hand, mRNA for cytosolic isoform of NADP-ME was decreased. The changes in PEPC protein and PEPC mRNA were not substantial. Therefore regulation of PEPC activity by phosphorylation was evaluated and found to be involved in the stress response. During recovery, activities of the tested enzymes returned close to their basal levels.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pab
                Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
                Pesq. agropec. bras.
                Embrapa Informação Tecnológica; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0100-204X
                1678-3921
                August 2017
                : 52
                : 8
                : 561-571
                Affiliations
                [5] Rio Verde Goiás orgnameInstituto Federal Goiano Brazil adrianojakelaitis@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameEmbrapa Cerrados Brazil walter.quadros@ 123456embrapa.br
                [3] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília orgdiv1Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária orgdiv2Instituto Central de Ciências Brazil lucreciaunb@ 123456gmail.com
                [1] Brasília DF orgnameInstituto Federal de Brasília Brazil adilson.oliveira@ 123456ifb.edu.br
                [4] Uberaba Minas Gerais orgnameInstituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro Brazil adley@ 123456iftm.edu.br
                Article
                S0100-204X2017000800561
                10.1590/s0100-204x2017000800001
                b2a49e37-5bdf-4864-9e9b-7f81b21fe135

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 April 2016
                : 28 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                estresse hídrico.,Amaranthus cruentus,Chenopodium quinoa,Pennisetum glaucum,Oxisol,water stress.,Latossolo

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