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      2D Graphdiyne Oxide Serves as a Superior New Generation of Antibacterial Agents

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          Summary

          Graphdiyne (GDY) as an emerging 2D carbon-network nanomaterial possesses many fascinating properties that lead to numerous exciting applications, but the use of GDY and its derivatives in the antibacterial field has not yet been discovered. In this study, we first report on the use and evaluation of GDY and graphdiyne oxide (GDYO) as antibacterial agents and propose the antibacterial mechanisms of GDY-based nanomaterials. GDYO has been synthesized via the surface oxidation of GDY, and the antibacterial activity of GDYO has been compared with that of GDY through a series of antibacterial tests. Surprisingly, surface oxidation endowed inert GDY with superior antibacterial capability against two representative bacterial models: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial mechanism experiments disclose that the antibacterial function of GDYO is a result of reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidation stress when a dispersed GDYO suspension has a direct contact with bacteria especially under visible light irradiation.

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          Highlights

          • •

            We report for the first time on the antibacterial behaviors of GDY and GDYO

          • •

            Surface of GDY was modified with hydrophilic functional groups

          • •

            Surface oxidation endows inert GDY with superior antibacterial capability

          • •

            GDYO shows ROS-dependent antibacterial action after direct contact with bacteria

          Abstract

          Chemical Synthesis; Nanomaterials; Materials Characterization

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          Most cited references55

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          Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era.

          Henry Chambers, Frank DeLeo (2009)
          Staphylococcus aureus is notorious for its ability to become resistant to antibiotics. Infections that are caused by antibiotic-resistant strains often occur in epidemic waves that are initiated by one or a few successful clones. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) features prominently in these epidemics. Historically associated with hospitals and other health care settings, MRSA has now emerged as a widespread cause of community infections. Community or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) can spread rapidly among healthy individuals. Outbreaks of CA-MRSA infections have been reported worldwide, and CA-MRSA strains are now epidemic in the United States. Here, we review the molecular epidemiology of the epidemic waves of penicillin- and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus that have occurred since 1940, with a focus on the clinical and molecular epidemiology of CA-MRSA.
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            Architecture of graphdiyne nanoscale films

            Guoxing Li, Yuliang Li, Huibiao Liu … (2010)
            We have demonstrated a methodology to generate large area graphdiyne films with 3.61 cm(2) on the surface of copper via a cross-coupling reaction using hexaethynylbenzene. The device based on graphdiyne films for measurement of electrical property is fabricated and shows conductivity of 2.516 x 10(-4) S m(-1) indicating a semiconductor property.
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              Antibacterial Activity of Ti₃C₂Tx MXene.

              Kashif Rasool, Mohamed Helal, Adnan Ali … (2016)
              MXenes are a family of atomically thin, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and carbonitrides with many attractive properties. Two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) has been recently explored for applications in water desalination/purification membranes. A major success indicator for any water treatment membrane is the resistance to biofouling. To validate this and to understand better the health and environmental impacts of the new 2D carbides, we investigated the antibacterial properties of single- and few-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes in colloidal solution. The antibacterial properties of Ti3C2Tx were tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) by using bacterial growth curves based on optical densities (OD) and colonies growth on agar nutritive plates. Ti3C2Tx shows a higher antibacterial efficiency toward both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive B. subtilis compared with graphene oxide (GO), which has been widely reported as an antibacterial agent. Concentration dependent antibacterial activity was observed and more than 98% bacterial cell viability loss was found at 200 μg/mL Ti3C2Tx for both bacterial cells within 4 h of exposure, as confirmed by colony forming unit (CFU) and regrowth curve. Antibacterial mechanism investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay indicated the damage to the cell membrane, which resulted in release of cytoplasmic materials from the bacterial cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent and independent stress induction by Ti3C2Tx was investigated in two separate abiotic assays. MXenes are expected to be resistant to biofouling and offer bactericidal properties.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yongjun Li
                Ying-Wei Yang
                Alideertu Dong
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): iScience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): iScience
                Title: iScience
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-0042
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 August 2019
                Publication date Collection: 27 September 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 August 2019
                Volume: 19
                Pages: 662-675
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 University West Street, Hohhot 010021, China
                [2 ]Laboratory of Organic Solids and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
                [3 ]International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
                [4 ]California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
                [5 ]Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education,Inner Mongolia University, 235 University West Street, Hohhot 010021, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author liyj@ 123456iccas.ac.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author ywyang@ 123456jlu.edu.cn
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author dongali@ 123456imu.edu.cn
                [6]

                Lead Contact

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2589-0042(19)30297-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.019
                PMC ID: 6728613
                PubMed ID: 31472341
                SO-VID: b1c03326-585d-4b36-9c10-2ff739cffc5a
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 17 March 2019
                Date revision received : 1 July 2019
                Date accepted : 12 August 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: chemical synthesis,nanomaterials,materials characterization
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chemical synthesis, nanomaterials, materials characterization

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