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      A few Ascomycota taxa dominate soil fungal communities worldwide

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          Abstract

          Despite having key functions in terrestrial ecosystems, information on the dominant soil fungi and their ecological preferences at the global scale is lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we surveyed 235 soils from across the globe. Our findings indicate that 83 phylotypes (<0.1% of the retrieved fungi), mostly belonging to wind dispersed, generalist Ascomycota, dominate soils globally. We identify patterns and ecological drivers of dominant soil fungal taxa occurrence, and present a map of their distribution in soils worldwide. Whole-genome comparisons with less dominant, generalist fungi point at a significantly higher number of genes related to stress-tolerance and resource uptake in the dominant fungi, suggesting that they might be better in colonising a wide range of environments. Our findings constitute a major advance in our understanding of the ecology of fungi, and have implications for the development of strategies to preserve them and the ecosystem functions they provide.

          Abstract

          Soil fungi play essential roles in ecosystems worldwide. Here, the authors sequence and analyze 235 soil samples collected from across the globe, and identify dominant fungal taxa and their associated environmental attributes.

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          On the Relationship between Abundance and Distribution of Species

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            Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome

            Soils harbour some of the most diverse microbiomes on Earth and are essential for both nutrient cycling and carbon storage. To understand soil functioning, it is necessary to model the global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms, as well as the biotic and environmental associations between the diversity and structure of both bacterial and fungal soil communities1-4. Here we show, by leveraging metagenomics and metabarcoding of global topsoil samples (189 sites, 7,560 subsamples), that bacterial, but not fungal, genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats and that microbial gene composition varies more strongly with environmental variables than with geographic distance. We demonstrate that fungi and bacteria show global niche differentiation that is associated with contrasting diversity responses to precipitation and soil pH. Furthermore, we provide evidence for strong bacterial-fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, in topsoil and ocean habitats, indicating the substantial role of biotic interactions in shaping microbial communities. Our results suggest that both competition and environmental filtering affect the abundance, composition and encoded gene functions of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating that the relative contributions of these microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially.
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              A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil

              The immense diversity of soil bacterial communities has stymied efforts to characterize individual taxa and document their global distributions. We analyzed soils from 237 locations across six continents and found that only 2% of bacterial phylotypes (~500 phylotypes) consistently accounted for almost half of the soil bacterial communities worldwide. Despite the overwhelming diversity of bacterial communities, relatively few bacterial taxa are abundant in soils globally. We clustered these dominant taxa into ecological groups to build the first global atlas of soil bacterial taxa. Our study narrows down the immense number of bacterial taxa to a "most wanted" list that will be fruitful targets for genomic and cultivation-based efforts aimed at improving our understanding of soil microbes and their contributions to ecosystem functioning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                e.egidi@westernsydney.edu.au
                mandelbaq@gmail.com
                b.singh@westernsydney.edu.au
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                30 May 2019
                30 May 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 2369
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, GRID grid.1029.a, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, , Western Sydney University, ; Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000096214564, GRID grid.266190.a, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, , University of Colorado, ; Boulder, CO 80309 USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2206 5938, GRID grid.28479.30, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, , Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ; c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
                [4 ]ISNI 0000000119573309, GRID grid.9227.e, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100085 China
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 4902 0432, GRID grid.1005.4, Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, , University of New South Wales, ; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
                [6 ]ISNI 0000000121662407, GRID grid.5379.8, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, , The University of Manchester, ; Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2168 1800, GRID grid.5268.9, Departamento de Ecología and Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramon Margalef”, , Universidad de Alicante, ; Alicante, Spain
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, GRID grid.1029.a, Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, , Western Sydney University, ; Penrith South DC, NSW 2751 Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-0127
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7434-4856
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-4185
                Article
                10373
                10.1038/s41467-019-10373-z
                6542806
                31147554
                b143db2b-8f89-4fb1-adce-b769fb4988aa
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 October 2018
                : 30 April 2019
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                ecology,microbial ecology,soil microbiology,fungal ecology
                Uncategorized
                ecology, microbial ecology, soil microbiology, fungal ecology

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