Fit-For-Purpose Method Development to Determine Co-Occurring Multiclass Mycotoxins in Apple and Apple Puree Samples

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Abstract

Due to the impact of the climate change on mycotoxins production and their occurrence in foods, it is important to consider the potential accumulation of unexpected mycotoxins in matrices susceptible to be contaminated such as apples. In this regard, a fit-for-purpose LC–MS/MS method to determine co-occurring mycotoxins in apple purees has been proposed, considering the fungal profile isolated from stored apple fruits. Due to the isolation of Fusariumspp., fumonisins were included in the method along with Alternariatoxins (alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin), aflatoxins, and the only so far regulated patulin. The method was fully characterized in terms of linearity, sensitivity (LODs and LOQs below 0.4 and 1.4 µg kg ⁻¹, respectively, except for patulin being lower than 1.2 and 4.1 µg kg ⁻¹), precision, and recovery. The optimized method was then applied to the analysis of stored apples and apple purees from retail market. The preliminary survey brought the first evidence of FB1 occurrence in apple purees and highlighted the need for monitoring mycotoxins co-occurrence in apples and apple-based products.

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Most cited references 39

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The Fusarium Laboratory Manual

John F. Leslie, Brett A. Summerell (2006)

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Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus

R.A. Samson, C.M. Visagie, J Houbraken … (2014)

Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera. The International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus decided to keep Aspergillus instead of using smaller genera. In this paper, we present the arguments for this decision. We introduce new combinations for accepted species presently lacking an Aspergillus name and provide an updated accepted species list for the genus, now containing 339 species. To add to the scientific value of the list, we include information about living ex-type culture collection numbers and GenBank accession numbers for available representative ITS, calmodulin, β-tubulin and RPB2 sequences. In addition, we recommend a standard working technique for Aspergillus and propose calmodulin as a secondary identification marker.

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Biosynthesis and Toxicological Effects of Patulin

Olivier Puel, Pierre Galtier, Isabelle P. Oswald (2010)

Patulin is a toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of mold, especially within Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys. It is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple-derived products such as juice, cider, compotes and other food intended for young children. Exposure to this mycotoxin is associated with immunological, neurological and gastrointestinal outcomes. Assessment of the health risks due to patulin consumption by humans has led many countries to regulate the quantity in food. A full understanding of the molecular genetics of patulin biosynthesis is incomplete, unlike other regulated mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecenes and fumonisins), although the chemical structures of patulin precursors are now known. The biosynthetic pathway consists of approximately 10 steps, as suggested by biochemical studies. Recently, a cluster of 15 genes involved in patulin biosynthesis was reported, containing characterized enzymes, a regulation factor and transporter genes. This review includes information on the current understanding of the mechanisms of patulin toxinogenesis and summarizes its toxicological effects.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: Food Analytical Methods

Abbreviated Title: Food Anal. Methods

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

ISSN (Print): 1936-9751

ISSN (Electronic): 1936-976X

Publication date Created: August 2023

Publication date (Electronic): June 27 2023

Publication date (Print): August 2023

Volume: 16

Issue: 8

Pages: 1403-1412

Article

DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02512-6

SO-VID: b0c365c8-08ba-4d9b-a311-7f453722f7a3

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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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