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      Avaliação de um programa de controle do câncer cérvico-uterino em rede local de saúde da Região Sudeste do Brasil Translated title: Evaluation of a cervical cancer prevention program in a local health system in Southeast Brazil

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          Abstract

          Considera-se, aqui, a possibilidade de ampliar as atribuições da rede básica de atenção à saúde para responder às demandas da população. Tomando como problema o câncer cérvico-uterino, avaliaram-se os resultados obtidos por um programa de controle desenvolvido em uma rede municipal de saúde, com o objetivo de apreciar sua capacidade resolutiva e a adesão das pacientes ao cuidado. Estudaram-se variáveis relacionadas ao diagnóstico e seguimento de 465 mulheres inscritas no programa, no período 1987-1994. Para fins de comparação, utilizaram-se os resultados obtidos pelo serviço especializado de referência regional no mesmo período. Observou-se que a capacidade resolutiva do programa foi semelhante à do serviço de referência; além disso, foram encontradas menor gravidade das lesões cervicais e menor taxa de abandono do tratamento entre as pacientes da rede local de saúde, evidenciando maior adesão ao seguimento. Enfatiza-se a importância da capacitação dos profissionais das equipes locais de saúde para a qualificação da atenção, incluindo o cuidado a doenças de maior complexidade.

          Translated abstract

          This study considers the possibility of expanding the roles of the local health care system to respond to demands by the population. Focusing on the problem of cervical cancer, the study evaluated the results obtained by a preventive program conducted in a municipal health system with the objective of evaluating its case-resolving capacity and patient compliance. Variables were related to diagnosis and follow-up of 465 women enrolled in the program from 1987 to 1994. For purposes of comparison, the study used the results from a specialized regional referral service during the same period. The program's case-resolving capacity was similar to that of the referral service; in addition, on average the cervical lesions were less severe and the treatment drop-out rate was lower among patients from the local health care system, reflecting better follow-up compliance. It is important to train local health personnel in order to improve care, including treatment for more complex diseases.

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          Most cited references23

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          Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide.

          A recent report that 93 per cent of invasive cervical cancers worldwide contain human papillomavirus (HPV) may be an underestimate, due to sample inadequacy or integration events affecting the HPV L1 gene, which is the target of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test which was used. The formerly HPV-negative cases from this study have therefore been reanalyzed for HPV serum antibodies and HPV DNA. Serology for HPV 16 VLPs, E6, and E7 antibodies was performed on 49 of the 66 cases which were HPV-negative and a sample of 48 of the 866 cases which were HPV-positive in the original study. Moreover, 55 of the 66 formerly HPV-negative biopsies were also reanalyzed by a sandwich procedure in which the outer sections in a series of sections are used for histological review, while the inner sections are assayed by three different HPV PCR assays targeting different open reading frames (ORFs). No significant difference was found in serology for HPV 16 proteins between the cases that were originally HPV PCR-negative and -positive. Type-specific E7 PCR for 14 high-risk HPV types detected HPV DNA in 38 (69 per cent) of the 55 originally HPV-negative and amplifiable specimens. The HPV types detected were 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 52, and 58. Two (4 per cent) additional cases were only HPV DNA-positive by E1 and/or L1 consensus PCR. Histological analysis of the 55 specimens revealed that 21 were qualitatively inadequate. Only two of the 34 adequate samples were HPV-negative on all PCR tests, as against 13 of the 21 that were inadequate ( p< 0.001). Combining the data from this and the previous study and excluding inadequate specimens, the worldwide HPV prevalence in cervical carcinomas is 99.7 per cent. The presence of HPV in virtually all cervical cancers implies the highest worldwide attributable fraction so far reported for a specific cause of any major human cancer. The extreme rarity of HPV-negative cancers reinforces the rationale for HPV testing in addition to, or even instead of, cervical cytology in routine cervical screening. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

            Experimental studies have provided strong evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the long-sought venereal cause of cervical neoplasia, but the epidemiologic evidence has been inconsistent. Given improvements in HPV testing that have revealed a strong link between sexual activity history and cervical HPV infection, we conducted a large case-control study of HPV and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to evaluate whether sexual behavior and the other established risk factors for CIN influence risk primarily via HPV infection. We studied 500 women with CIN and 500 control subjects receiving cytologic screening at Kaiser Permanente, a large prepaid health plan, in Portland, Ore. The established epidemiologic risk factors for CIN were assessed by telephone interview. We performed HPV testing of cervicovaginal lavage specimens by gene amplification using polymerase chain reaction with a consensus primer to target the L1 gene region of HPV. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate relative risk of CIN and to adjust the epidemiologic associations for HPV test results to demonstrate whether the associations were mediated by HPV. The case subjects demonstrated the typical epidemiologic profile of CIN: They had more sex partners, more cigarette smoking, earlier ages at first sexual intercourse, and lower socioeconomic status. Statistical adjustment for HPV infection substantially reduced the size of each of these case-control differences. Seventy-six percent of cases could be attributed to HPV infection; the results of cytologic review suggested that the true percentage was even higher. Once HPV infection was taken into account, an association of parity with risk of CIN was observed in both HPV-negative and HPV-positive women. The data show that the great majority of all grades of CIN can be attributed to HPV infection, particularly with the cancer-associated types of HPV. In light of this conclusion, the investigation of the natural history of HPV has preventive as well as etiologic importance.
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              Saúde da família: uma estratégia para a reorientação do modelo assistencial

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                April 2003
                : 19
                : 2
                : 571-578
                Affiliations
                [01] Campinas SP orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Campinas orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social Brasil
                Article
                S0102-311X2003000200024 S0102-311X(03)01900224
                b072bd06-cba6-4404-9769-2dddb46ce1bd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 March 2002
                : 12 December 2002
                : 07 October 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos

                Program Evaluation,Cervix Neoplasms,Health Services,Serviços de Saúde,Avaliação de Programas,Neoplasia do Colo Uterino

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