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      Mindfulness-induced endogenous theta stimulation occasions self-transcendence and inhibits addictive behavior

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          Abstract

          Self-regulation is instantiated by theta oscillations (4 to 8 Hz) in neurons of frontal midline brain regions. Frontal midline theta (FMΘ) is inversely associated with default mode network (DMN) activation, which subserves self-referential processing. Addiction involves impaired self-regulation and DMN dysfunction. Mindfulness is an efficacious self-regulatory practice for treating addiction, but little is known about the mechanisms by which mindfulness reduces addictive behavior. In this mechanistic study of long-term opioid users ( N = 165), we assessed meditation-induced FMΘ as a mediator of changes in opioid misuse. Relative to a supportive psychotherapy control, participants treated with Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) exhibited increased FMΘ during a laboratory-based meditation session. FMΘ during meditation was associated with self-transcendent experiences characterized by ego dissolution, nondual awareness, and bliss. MORE’s effects on decreasing opioid misuse were mediated by increased FMΘ. Given the role of aberrant self-referential processing in addiction, mindfulness-induced endogenous theta stimulation might “reset” DMN dysfunction to inhibit addictive behavior.

          Abstract

          Abstract

          Mindfulness meditation reduced addictive behavior by increasing theta oscillations in the brain.

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          EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis

          Arnaud Delorme, Scott Makeig (2005)
          We have developed a toolbox and graphic user interface, EEGLAB, running under the crossplatform MATLAB environment (The Mathworks, Inc.) for processing collections of single-trial and/or averaged EEG data of any number of channels. Available functions include EEG data, channel and event information importing, data visualization (scrolling, scalp map and dipole model plotting, plus multi-trial ERP-image plots), preprocessing (including artifact rejection, filtering, epoch selection, and averaging), independent component analysis (ICA) and time/frequency decompositions including channel and component cross-coherence supported by bootstrap statistical methods based on data resampling. EEGLAB functions are organized into three layers. Top-layer functions allow users to interact with the data through the graphic interface without needing to use MATLAB syntax. Menu options allow users to tune the behavior of EEGLAB to available memory. Middle-layer functions allow users to customize data processing using command history and interactive 'pop' functions. Experienced MATLAB users can use EEGLAB data structures and stand-alone signal processing functions to write custom and/or batch analysis scripts. Extensive function help and tutorial information are included. A 'plug-in' facility allows easy incorporation of new EEG modules into the main menu. EEGLAB is freely available (http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/) under the GNU public license for noncommercial use and open source development, together with sample data, user tutorial and extensive documentation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3395 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A default mode of brain function.

            M Raichle, A MacLeod, A Snyder … (2001)
            A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1301 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis.

              George F Koob, Nora D. Volkow (2016)
              Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction.
              Article 0 comments Cited 720 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Eric L. Garland:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-857X
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Adam W. Hanley:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-6898
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing - review & editing
                Justin Hudak: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Yoshio Nakamura: Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing - review & editing
                Brett Froeliger: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Adv
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Adv
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sciadv
                Journal ID (hwp): advances
                Title: Science Advances
                Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
                ISSN (Electronic): 2375-2548
                Publication date Collection: October 2022
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 12 October 2022
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 41
                Electronic Location Identifier: eabo4455
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
                [ 2 ]Veterans Health Care Administration VISN 19 Whole Health Flagship site located at the VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
                [ 3 ]Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
                [ 4 ]Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: eric.garland@ 123456socwk.utah.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-857X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-6898
                Article
                Publisher ID: abo4455
                DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4455
                PMC ID: 9555770
                PubMed ID: 36223472
                SO-VID: b06739b7-833d-4844-aba8-b23a3c10f447
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 03 February 2022
                Date accepted : 24 August 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026, National Institute on Drug Abuse;
                Award ID: R01DA042033
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026, National Institute on Drug Abuse;
                Award ID: R01DA048094
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008460, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health;
                Award ID: R33AT010109
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: SciAdv r-articles
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Psychological Science
                Subject: Psychological Science
                Custom metadata
                Copyeditor Lou Notario

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