Diversity of bet‐hedging strategies in microbial communities—Recent cases and insights

Abstract

Microbial communities are continuously exposed to unpredictable changes in their environment. To thrive in such dynamic habitats, microorganisms have developed the ability to readily switch phenotypes, resulting in a number of differently adapted subpopulations expressing various traits. In evolutionary biology, a particular case of phenotypic heterogeneity that evolved in an unpredictably changing environment has been defined as bet‐hedging. Bet‐hedging is a risk‐spreading strategy where isogenic populations stochastically (randomly) diversify their phenotypes, often resulting in maladapted individuals that suffer lower reproductive success. This fitness trade‐off in a specific environment may have a selective advantage upon the sudden environmental shift. Thus, a bet‐hedging strategy allows populations to persist in very dynamic habitats, but with a particular fitness cost. In recent years, numerous examples of phenotypic heterogeneity in different microorganisms have been observed, some suggesting bet‐hedging. Here, we highlight the latest reports concerning bet‐hedging phenomena in various microorganisms to show how versatile this strategy is within the microbial realms.

This article is categorized under:

• Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology

Abstract

Overview of recent studies on phenotypic heterogeneity and possible employment of bet‐hedging strategies in various microorganisms. In this work, we highlight some recent studies regarding bet‐hedging traits that fall into several categories of microbial lifestyle, including signaling (purple), dormancy (yellow), and resource use (blue). In some cases, the same population manifests different bet‐hedging strategies because of direct or indirect relationships between traits. With an asterisk, we marked examples of studies where a population was shown to employ several bet‐hedging strategies, for example, nutrient utilization is directly involved in spore or persisters formation.