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      Diagnosis and management of xerostomia and hyposalivation

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          Abstract

          Xerostomia, the subjective complaint of dry mouth, and hyposalivation remain a significant burden for many individuals. Diagnosis of xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction is dependent upon a careful and detailed history and thorough oral examination. There exist many options for treatment and symptom management: salivary stimulants, topical agents, saliva substitutes, and systemic sialogogues. The aim of this review is to investigate the current state of knowledge on management and treatment of patients affected by xerostomia and/or hyposalivation.

          Most cited references66

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          Low unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness: association with medication, anxiety, depression, and stress.

          M Bergdahl, J Bergdahl (2000)
          Medication and psychological processes may affect salivary flow and cause subjective oral dryness. The importance of these factors is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of medication, anxiety, depression, and stress with unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness. We studied 1,202 individuals divided into three groups, and controls. Intake of medication was evaluated. Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed. Unstimulated salivary flow 0.1 mL/min were significantly associated with depression, trait anxiety, perceived stress, state anxiety, female gender, and intake of antihypertensives. Age and medication seemed to play a more important role in individuals with hyposalivation, and female gender and psychological factors in individuals with subjective oral dryness.
          Article 0 comments Cited 67 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Xerostomia: clinical aspects and treatment.

            S Turnbull, Juliana Cassolato (2003)
            Xerostomia or dry mouth is a condition that is frequently encountered in dental practice. The most common cause is the use of certain systemic medications, which make the elderly at greater risk because they are usually more medicated. Other causes include high doses of radiation and certain diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome. Xerostomia is associated with difficulties in chewing, swallowing, tasting or speaking. This results in poor diet, malnutrition and decreased social interaction. Xerostomia can cause oral discomfort, especially for denture wearers. Patients are at increased risk of developing dental caries. A thorough intraoral and extra-oral clinical examination is important for diagnosis. Treatment may include the use of salivary substitutes (Biotene), salivary stimulants such as pilocarpine, ongoing dental care, caries prevention, a review of the current prescription drug regimen and possible elimination of drugs having anticholinergic effects. Because of the ageing population, and the concomitant increase in medicated individuals, dentists can expect to be presented with xerostomia in an increasing number of patients in the coming years and therefore should be familiar with its diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to outline for clinicians the common aetiologies, clinical identification, and routine therapeutic modalities available for individuals with xerostomia.
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              Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance.

              K L Busch, B Baum, Matthew Fox (1987)
              This study involves collecting saliva under unstimulated and stimulated conditions and asking standardized questions of 100 patients with xerostomia. The study examines which questions are useful in identifying and predicting current major salivary gland output deficiency or dysfunction.
              Article 0 comments Cited 47 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Title: Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1176-6336
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-203X
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2014
                Volume: 11
                Pages: 45-51
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
                [2 ]Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
                [3 ]Department of General Dentistry, Boston University Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
                [4 ]Dental Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Alessandro Villa, Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 1620 Tremont Street, Suite BC-3-028, Boston, MA 02120, USA, Tel +1 617 732 5517, Fax +1 617 232 8970, Email avilla@ 123456partners.org
                Article
                Publisher ID: tcrm-11-045
                DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S76282
                PMC ID: 4278738
                PubMed ID: 25653532
                SO-VID: af82223e-f0a9-4258-a3e3-532f7a06d260
                Copyright © © 2015 Villa et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License
                License:

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: saliva stimulation,dry mouth,saliva substitutes,sialogogues
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: saliva stimulation, dry mouth, saliva substitutes, sialogogues

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